1-Basic Swine Terminologies, Breeds and Breeding System Flashcards
A mature female pig.
SOW
A mature male pig.
BOAR
A young female pig
under 1 year old.
GILT
A young pig of either
sex weighing
approximately 60 kg.
SHOAT
a male pig castrated
before secondary sex
characteristics develop.
BARROW
A young swine during
the point of weaning.
WEANER
A young swine usually between 40 and 70 pounds live weight that is being sold, bought, or held to be fed out to market weight.
FEEDER
An older swine, usually over about 150 lbs live weight; one that is in the finishing stage of its growth, nearing market weight.
FINISHER
Is used to describe a
pregnant sow.
GESTATING
Is used to describe as
an act of giving birth.
FARROWING
what are the two factors that influence pig performance
- Environment (70%)
▪ Nutrition
▪ Feeding
▪ Housing
▪ Health - Genetic Potential (30%)
▪ Group of animals that has specific traits or characteristics in common.
BREED
◼Small, solid black or black and white with small ears, sway back, weak pasterns, good mothering ability, prolific and resistant to adverse condition.
PHILIPPINE NATIVE PIG
◼ White, most widespread of the modern pigs
◼ Good mothering ability and large litter size
◼ Medium sized, erect ears
◼ Curved back inclining forward
◼ Short and straight snout
◼ Superior in growth rates in all other types
◼ Top crossing sire
LARGE WHITE (YORKSHIRE)
◼ White in color, some have bluish-black spots
◼ Long body, large drooping ears
◼ Known for producing a high percentage of carcass weight
◼ Known for its good mothering ability and prolificacy
◼ Has weak feet pasterns and legs
LANDRACE
◼Golden brown to very dark red
◼Small forward ears 2/3 erect 1/3 hanging
◼Good body constitution, strong legs and very robust
◼Fast growing and can thrive to simple farming systems
◼Top crossing sire
◼Resistant to stress
DUROC
◼An old British breed
◼Black dual type pig with six white points
◼Dish shape face, short snout, and medium sized erect ears
◼Excellent quality carcass
BERKSHIRE
◼Piebald in color from Belgium
◼Erect ears, small and stocky and with large ham and loin muscles
◼Top crossing sire
PIETRAIN
◼ Black, white belted body from shoulder to front legs
◼ Erect ears with strong short legs
◼ Prolific, good mothering ability, adapted to rugged condition
◼ Known for being heavy muscled, lean, aggressive hogs with large loin eye areas, and possess less back fat.
HAMPSHIRE
◼Originated in Ohio
◼Noted for low back fat and large loin eye
◼Quiet dispositions
◼Black with six white points
◼Dropped ears
POLAND CHINA
- From China, black, slow growing pigs
- One of the most prolific breeds, with an average litter size of 14 piglets
- Slow growing and fat, but have a very good taste.
- Considered to be resistant to some diseases
- Has a wrinkled face and skin
MEISHAN
◼Some hybrid pigs available in the country are Hypor, ____
Nieuw Dalland, Seghers, Camborough, JSR and Topigs.
____ sows are claimed to be: prolific; have better fertility; have bigger and more uniform litter; and have heavier piglets at birth.
Hybrid
____ pigs are claimed to be: outstanding in terms of growth rate, feed conversion efficiency and carcass quality.
Slaughter hybrid
it is a method of breeding where A boar is used to serve the gilts/sow that are in heat
Natural Breeding
what are the two types of natural breeding
a. Hand or Controlled Mating – the boar is brought to the sow or the sow to the boar
b. Pen or pasture mating - the boar is mixed with a number of females during the breeding season.
what method of breeding
◼This is less laborious and involves fewer costs in housing and equipment.
◼The lack of recording and over-usage of boars are possible disadvantages of this method.
Pen or pasture mating
what method of breeding
▪ The farmer is certain whether the sow or gilt was bred or not.
▪ Farrowing can be scheduled.
▪ Use of the boar is controlled.
▪ The farmer can keep track of the boar and sow record.
▪ The farmer can determine which animals to cull.
Hand or Controlled Mating
it is a method of breeding wherein the
semen of the boar is deposited into the gilt/sow by the use of artificial
penis or catheter. The main objective is to increase the use of good
boars.
Artificial Insemination (AI)
what are the 4 systems of breeding
INBREEDING
UPGRADING
PURE BREEDING
CROSSBREEDING
This involved mating of individuals that are closely related to each other by ancestry.
Example:
Father x Daughter
Son x Mother
Brother x Sister
INBREEDING
The adverse effect of inbreeding is generally termed as
Inbreeding depression
Inbreeding depression can be any of the following: (6)
a) reduction in the strength and vigor of piglets;
b) decreased in the number of piglets born or weaned;
c) decreased in the weight of piglets at birth and weaning;
d) sterility and abortion;
e) retardation and physiologic immaturity; and,
f) occurrence of abnormalities such as hernias and cryptorchidism
◼Is a system of breeding wherein an inferior breed is improved by continued crossing. It is commonly used among native breeds. The native breeds are usually crossed with exotic breeds of swine.
Example:
Native breed x Duroc
Native breed x Large White
Native breed x Landrace
UPGRADING
is the mating of two purebred animals of the same breed.
◼Example: Landrace x Landrace
PURE BREEDING
is mating of two individuals belonging to different breeds. This is being practiced to take advantage of heterosis or hybrid vigor and to elicit the desirable characteristics of parental breeds.
Example:
Landrace x Large White
Duroc x Landrace
CROSSBREEDING
◼This is a modification of three-breed crossbreeding where a carefully selected third breed (purebred) is introduced as a terminal sire on the two two-breed crossbred sows.
◼This is the most practical and popular scheme for the production of slaughter pigs.
◼A crossbred boar (Duroc x Pietrain) may also be used as a terminal sire for the production of slaughter pigs.
PRODUCTION OF TRIPLE CROSS PIGS
-is one of the most important aspects in starting a pig farm.
-ensures the choice of the best animal for reproduction.
◼Most of the productive and reproductive traits are greatly influenced by the kind of breeding stocks of the herd.
SELECTION
BASES OF STOCK SELECTION
- Physical
▪ Strong legs, long body, good body conformation, etc. - Performance
▪ Good mothering ability, ADG, less backfat thickness, etc. - Pedigree selection
▪ selection based on ancestry
will guide the animal husbandman
on which traits should be developed in the farm based on its
objective.
ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT TRAITS
what are the economically important traits (5)
SOW PRODUCTIVITY
GROWTH
FEED EFFICIENCY
CARCASS TRAITS
STRUCTURAL SOUNDNESS
▪ Retention of one or both testicles
◼Cryptorchidism
this inherited defect has two types
▪ Umbilical
▪ Scrotal
◼Hernias
