1-Basic Swine Terminologies, Breeds and Breeding System

Question 1

A mature female pig.

Answer 1

SOW

Question 2

A mature male pig.

Answer 2

BOAR

Question 3

A young female pig
under 1 year old.

Answer 3

GILT

Question 4

A young pig of either
sex weighing
approximately 60 kg.

Answer 4

SHOAT

Question 5

a male pig castrated
before secondary sex
characteristics develop.

Answer 5

BARROW

Question 6

A young swine during
the point of weaning.

Answer 6

WEANER

Question 7

A young swine usually between 40 and 70 pounds live weight that is being sold, bought, or held to be fed out to market weight.

Answer 7

FEEDER

Question 8

An older swine, usually over about 150 lbs live weight; one that is in the finishing stage of its growth, nearing market weight.

Answer 8

FINISHER

Question 9

Is used to describe a
pregnant sow.

Answer 9

GESTATING

Question 10

Is used to describe as
an act of giving birth.

Answer 10

FARROWING

Question 11

what are the two factors that influence pig performance

Answer 11

1. Environment (70%)
   ▪ Nutrition
   ▪ Feeding
   ▪ Housing
   ▪ Health
2. Genetic Potential (30%)

Question 12

▪ Group of animals that has specific traits or characteristics in common.

Answer 12

BREED

Question 13

◼Small, solid black or black and white with small ears, sway back, weak pasterns, good mothering ability, prolific and resistant to adverse condition.

Answer 13

PHILIPPINE NATIVE PIG

Question 14

◼ White, most widespread of the modern pigs
◼ Good mothering ability and large litter size
◼ Medium sized, erect ears
◼ Curved back inclining forward
◼ Short and straight snout
◼ Superior in growth rates in all other types
◼ Top crossing sire

Answer 14

LARGE WHITE (YORKSHIRE)

Question 15

◼ White in color, some have bluish-black spots
◼ Long body, large drooping ears
◼ Known for producing a high percentage of carcass weight
◼ Known for its good mothering ability and prolificacy
◼ Has weak feet pasterns and legs

Answer 15

LANDRACE

Question 16

◼Golden brown to very dark red
◼Small forward ears 2/3 erect 1/3 hanging
◼Good body constitution, strong legs and very robust
◼Fast growing and can thrive to simple farming systems
◼Top crossing sire
◼Resistant to stress

Answer 16

DUROC

Question 17

◼An old British breed
◼Black dual type pig with six white points
◼Dish shape face, short snout, and medium sized erect ears
◼Excellent quality carcass

Answer 17

BERKSHIRE

Question 18

◼Piebald in color from Belgium
◼Erect ears, small and stocky and with large ham and loin muscles
◼Top crossing sire

Answer 18

PIETRAIN

Question 19

◼ Black, white belted body from shoulder to front legs
◼ Erect ears with strong short legs
◼ Prolific, good mothering ability, adapted to rugged condition
◼ Known for being heavy muscled, lean, aggressive hogs with large loin eye areas, and possess less back fat.

Answer 19

HAMPSHIRE

Question 20

◼Originated in Ohio
◼Noted for low back fat and large loin eye
◼Quiet dispositions
◼Black with six white points
◼Dropped ears

Answer 20

POLAND CHINA

Question 21

• From China, black, slow growing pigs
• One of the most prolific breeds, with an average litter size of 14 piglets
• Slow growing and fat, but have a very good taste.
• Considered to be resistant to some diseases
• Has a wrinkled face and skin

Answer 21

MEISHAN

Question 22

◼Some hybrid pigs available in the country are Hypor, ____

Answer 22

Nieuw Dalland, Seghers, Camborough, JSR and Topigs.

Question 23

____ sows are claimed to be: prolific; have better fertility; have bigger and more uniform litter; and have heavier piglets at birth.

Answer 23

Hybrid

Question 24

____ pigs are claimed to be: outstanding in terms of growth rate, feed conversion efficiency and carcass quality.

Answer 24

Slaughter hybrid

Question 25

it is a method of breeding where A boar is used to serve the gilts/sow that are in heat

Answer 25

Natural Breeding

Question 26

what are the two types of natural breeding

Answer 26

a. Hand or Controlled Mating – the boar is brought to the sow or the sow to the boar b. Pen or pasture mating - the boar is mixed with a number of females during the breeding season.

Question 27

what method of breeding ◼This is less laborious and involves fewer costs in housing and equipment. ◼The lack of recording and over-usage of boars are possible disadvantages of this method.

Answer 27

Pen or pasture mating

Question 28

what method of breeding ▪ The farmer is certain whether the sow or gilt was bred or not. ▪ Farrowing can be scheduled. ▪ Use of the boar is controlled. ▪ The farmer can keep track of the boar and sow record. ▪ The farmer can determine which animals to cull.

Answer 28

Hand or Controlled Mating

Question 29

it is a method of breeding wherein the semen of the boar is deposited into the gilt/sow by the use of artificial penis or catheter. The main objective is to increase the use of good boars.

Answer 29

Artificial Insemination (AI)

Question 30

what are the 4 systems of breeding

Answer 30

INBREEDING UPGRADING PURE BREEDING CROSSBREEDING

Question 31

This involved mating of individuals that are closely related to each other by ancestry. Example: Father x Daughter Son x Mother Brother x Sister

Answer 31

INBREEDING

Question 32

The adverse effect of inbreeding is generally termed as

Answer 32

Inbreeding depression

Question 33

Inbreeding depression can be any of the following: (6)

Answer 33

a) reduction in the strength and vigor of piglets; b) decreased in the number of piglets born or weaned; c) decreased in the weight of piglets at birth and weaning; d) sterility and abortion; e) retardation and physiologic immaturity; and, f) occurrence of abnormalities such as hernias and cryptorchidism

Question 34

◼Is a system of breeding wherein an inferior breed is improved by continued crossing. It is commonly used among native breeds. The native breeds are usually crossed with exotic breeds of swine. Example: Native breed x Duroc Native breed x Large White Native breed x Landrace

Answer 34

UPGRADING

Question 35

is the mating of two purebred animals of the same breed. ◼Example: Landrace x Landrace

Answer 35

PURE BREEDING

Question 36

is mating of two individuals belonging to different breeds. This is being practiced to take advantage of heterosis or hybrid vigor and to elicit the desirable characteristics of parental breeds. Example: Landrace x Large White Duroc x Landrace

Answer 36

CROSSBREEDING

Question 37

◼This is a modification of three-breed crossbreeding where a carefully selected third breed (purebred) is introduced as a terminal sire on the two two-breed crossbred sows. ◼This is the most practical and popular scheme for the production of slaughter pigs. ◼A crossbred boar (Duroc x Pietrain) may also be used as a terminal sire for the production of slaughter pigs.

Answer 37

PRODUCTION OF TRIPLE CROSS PIGS

Question 38

-is one of the most important aspects in starting a pig farm. -ensures the choice of the best animal for reproduction. ◼Most of the productive and reproductive traits are greatly influenced by the kind of breeding stocks of the herd.

Answer 38

SELECTION

Question 39

BASES OF STOCK SELECTION

Answer 39

1. Physical ▪ Strong legs, long body, good body conformation, etc. 2. Performance ▪ Good mothering ability, ADG, less backfat thickness, etc. 3. Pedigree selection ▪ selection based on ancestry

Question 40

will guide the animal husbandman on which traits should be developed in the farm based on its objective.

Answer 40

ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT TRAITS

Question 41

what are the economically important traits (5)

Answer 41

SOW PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH FEED EFFICIENCY CARCASS TRAITS STRUCTURAL SOUNDNESS

Question 42

▪ Retention of one or both testicles

Answer 42

◼Cryptorchidism

Question 43

this inherited defect has two types ▪ Umbilical ▪ Scrotal

Answer 43

◼Hernias