1 A- ANAT Flashcards
What are bones made up of?
collagen and calcium
Where is cortical bone? What is it?
along edge of bone and shaft
compact
What is the purpose of cortical bone?
Take force
Strong and rigid
Where is cancellous bone? What is it?
Marrow cavity, ends of bone, spongy
What is the purpose of cancellous bone?
absorb shock
What are the types of bones?
Flat
Sutural
Short
Irregular
Sesamoid
Long
What are the parts of a long bone?
Epiphysis
Metaphysis
Diaphysis
Epiphyseal plate
What is the order of the parts of a long bone?
Epiphysis
Metaphysis
Diaphysis
Metaphysis
Epiphysis
Epiphyseal plate
What are ligaments?
connect bone to tissue
What is the purpose of a ligament?
contribute to the stability of the joint
What are the types of joints?
Fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
What is a fibrous joint?
Joints sutures of the skull
No movement
What are ligaments and tendons composed of?
collagen
What are cartilaginous joints?
joined by cartilage
slight movement
What are synovial joints?
covered in articular (hyaline cartilage)
joint capsule that produces synovium
allows the movement
synovium
lines inside joints
provides lubrication and nutrients
articular cartilage
slippery and smooth
dense connective tissue
cushion and absorbs force
What are the types of synovial joints?
ball and socket
hinge
saddle joint
gliding joint
pivot joint
ellipsoidal
What is a ball and socket joint?
spherical surface of one and concave depression of another
What is a hinge joint?
flexion and extension around single axis
What is a saddle joint?
convex and concave surface moving around two axis
What is a gliding joint?
two flat surfaces
least movement of synovial
What is a pivot joint?
single axis with one bone rotating around the other
What is an ellipsoidal joint?
convex and concave
flexion and extension also abduction and adduction
What is mature cartilage? What does this mean?
options: vascular/avascular and aneural/neural
avascular and aneural
limits ability to heal after injury
What does cartilage lack?
nocioreceptors (pain receptors)
What is nocioreceptors?
pain receptors
What is avascular?
lacks blood vessels
What occurs when there is joint pain?
It is most likely severely compromised
There is no pain receptors so it must be really bad
What is aneural?
lacks nerves
What occurs to the layers of tissue in prolonged joint compression? What is the purpose?
They compress and increase firmness and resistance
Protects the joints
What is a tendon? What is the purpose?
connects muscle to bone
transfers the force of the muscle contraction to the bone
allows joint movement
What is a joint capsule? What does it pertain to?
sleeve around the synovial joint
allows passive stability and lubrication
Are bones, ligaments, and tendons active or passive?
passive
they don’t generate force
What are the three types of muscles?
skeletal- striated
cardiac
smooth- visceral
What is each fiber surrounded by in a muscle?
endomysium
What is endomysium? What does it contain?
connective tissue layer
surround individual muscle fibers
capillaries and nerve fibers
What are groups of muscle fibers called?
fascicles
What is the connective tissue that surrounds the groups of fascicles?
perimysium
What connective tissue layer surounds all of the groups of fascicles?
epimysium
What does perimysium and epimysium allow the muscle to do?
muscle extensibility (stretch)
What is the contractile unit of a protein?
sarcomere
What is a myofibril? What do they divide into?
contractile protein within a muscle fiber
sarcomeres
What does the thicker filament do? What is it made up of?
horizontal shaft of sarcomere
myosin
What is myosin?
Makes up thicker filaments
protein
What does the thin filament do? What is it made up of?
–
actin
What is actin?
makes up thin filaments
protein
What is the M line?
notes the midpoint of the thick myosin filament
What are titin filaments? What does it do?
border around myosin
limits excursion (side-to-side movement)
contributes to passive tightness of the muscle
Where are thin actin filaments?
lie on either side of the myosin filament
Why does the myosin and thin filament overlap?
provides surface contact to generate force for muscle contraction
Where are Z disks and what do they do?
opposing ends of sarcomere and connect thin filament
What generates the force in a muscle contraction?
myosin
What does the strength of a muscle contraction depend on?
amount of motor units
At what point of a muscle contraction is it the strongest?
partially contracted
What is PCSA?
physiological cross-sectional area
cross-section of muscle at it’s widest point
What factors into the amount of force a muscle contraction can generate?
size
fiber length
orientation
position of joint and length when activated
What are the different orientations of muscles?
pennate- multipennate, bipennate, unipennate
fusiform
sphincter
What is pennate muscles?
obliquely slanted
parallel to line of force
What do pennate muscles allow?
don’t run the entire length of muscle
shorter fibers
exert more force
What is fusiform muscles?
straight
What do fusiform muscles allow?
longer fibers
apply force over more range of movement
