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Anatomy > 1 A- ANAT > Flashcards

1 A- ANAT Flashcards

1
Q

What are bones made up of?

A

collagen and calcium

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1
Q

Where is cortical bone? What is it?

A

along edge of bone and shaft
compact

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2
Q

What is the purpose of cortical bone?

A

Take force
Strong and rigid

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3
Q

Where is cancellous bone? What is it?

A

Marrow cavity, ends of bone, spongy

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4
Q

What is the purpose of cancellous bone?

A

absorb shock

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5
Q

What are the types of bones?

A

Flat
Sutural
Short
Irregular
Sesamoid
Long

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6
Q

What are the parts of a long bone?

A

Epiphysis
Metaphysis
Diaphysis
Epiphyseal plate

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7
Q

What is the order of the parts of a long bone?

A

Epiphysis
Metaphysis
Diaphysis
Metaphysis
Epiphysis

Epiphyseal plate

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8
Q

What are ligaments?

A

connect bone to tissue

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9
Q

What is the purpose of a ligament?

A

contribute to the stability of the joint

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10
Q

What are the types of joints?

A

Fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

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11
Q

What is a fibrous joint?

A

Joints sutures of the skull
No movement

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12
Q

What are ligaments and tendons composed of?

A

collagen

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13
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A

joined by cartilage
slight movement

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14
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

covered in articular (hyaline cartilage)
joint capsule that produces synovium
allows the movement

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15
Q

synovium

A

lines inside joints
provides lubrication and nutrients

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16
Q

articular cartilage

A

slippery and smooth
dense connective tissue
cushion and absorbs force

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17
Q

What are the types of synovial joints?

A

ball and socket
hinge
saddle joint
gliding joint
pivot joint
ellipsoidal

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18
Q

What is a ball and socket joint?

A

spherical surface of one and concave depression of another

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19
Q

What is a hinge joint?

A

flexion and extension around single axis

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20
Q

What is a saddle joint?

A

convex and concave surface moving around two axis

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21
Q

What is a gliding joint?

A

two flat surfaces

least movement of synovial

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22
Q

What is a pivot joint?

A

single axis with one bone rotating around the other

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23
Q

What is an ellipsoidal joint?

A

convex and concave
flexion and extension also abduction and adduction

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24
Q

What is mature cartilage? What does this mean?
options: vascular/avascular and aneural/neural

A

avascular and aneural
limits ability to heal after injury

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25
Q

What does cartilage lack?

A

nocioreceptors (pain receptors)

26
Q

What is nocioreceptors?

A

pain receptors

27
Q

What is avascular?

A

lacks blood vessels

28
Q

What occurs when there is joint pain?

A

It is most likely severely compromised
There is no pain receptors so it must be really bad

29
Q

What is aneural?

A

lacks nerves

30
Q

What occurs to the layers of tissue in prolonged joint compression? What is the purpose?

A

They compress and increase firmness and resistance
Protects the joints

31
Q

What is a tendon? What is the purpose?

A

connects muscle to bone
transfers the force of the muscle contraction to the bone
allows joint movement

32
Q

What is a joint capsule? What does it pertain to?

A

sleeve around the synovial joint
allows passive stability and lubrication

33
Q

Are bones, ligaments, and tendons active or passive?

A

passive
they don’t generate force

34
Q

What are the three types of muscles?

A

skeletal- striated
cardiac
smooth- visceral

35
Q

What is each fiber surrounded by in a muscle?

A

endomysium

36
Q

What is endomysium? What does it contain?

A

connective tissue layer
surround individual muscle fibers
capillaries and nerve fibers

37
Q

What are groups of muscle fibers called?

A

fascicles

38
Q

What is the connective tissue that surrounds the groups of fascicles?

A

perimysium

39
Q

What connective tissue layer surounds all of the groups of fascicles?

A

epimysium

40
Q

What does perimysium and epimysium allow the muscle to do?

A

muscle extensibility (stretch)

41
Q

What is the contractile unit of a protein?

A

sarcomere

42
Q

What is a myofibril? What do they divide into?

A

contractile protein within a muscle fiber
sarcomeres

43
Q

What does the thicker filament do? What is it made up of?

A

horizontal shaft of sarcomere
myosin

44
Q

What is myosin?

A

Makes up thicker filaments
protein

45
Q

What does the thin filament do? What is it made up of?

A

–
actin

46
Q

What is actin?

A

makes up thin filaments
protein

47
Q

What is the M line?

A

notes the midpoint of the thick myosin filament

48
Q

What are titin filaments? What does it do?

A

border around myosin
limits excursion (side-to-side movement)
contributes to passive tightness of the muscle

49
Q

Where are thin actin filaments?

A

lie on either side of the myosin filament

50
Q

Why does the myosin and thin filament overlap?

A

provides surface contact to generate force for muscle contraction

51
Q

Where are Z disks and what do they do?

A

opposing ends of sarcomere and connect thin filament

52
Q

What generates the force in a muscle contraction?

A

myosin

53
Q

What does the strength of a muscle contraction depend on?

A

amount of motor units

54
Q

At what point of a muscle contraction is it the strongest?

A

partially contracted

55
Q

What is PCSA?

A

physiological cross-sectional area
cross-section of muscle at it’s widest point

56
Q

What factors into the amount of force a muscle contraction can generate?

A

size
fiber length
orientation
position of joint and length when activated

57
Q

What are the different orientations of muscles?

A

pennate- multipennate, bipennate, unipennate
fusiform
sphincter

58
Q

What is pennate muscles?

A

obliquely slanted
parallel to line of force

59
Q

What do pennate muscles allow?

A

don’t run the entire length of muscle
shorter fibers
exert more force

60
Q

What is fusiform muscles?

A

straight

61
Q

What do fusiform muscles allow?

A

longer fibers
apply force over more range of movement

62
Q
A

Anatomy (6 decks)

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