1 Flashcards
What are the serological markers for rheumatic fever?
antimyocardial antibodies
What are the serological markers for Wegener’s granulomatosis?
antineutrophilic antibodies
What are the serological markers for CREST syndrome?
anticentromere antibodies
What are the serological markers for primary biliary cirrhosis?
antimitochondrial antibodies
Which culture media is specific for Salmonella typhi?
bismuth sulfite
What is the term for amino acids having more than one codon to direct their placement?
degeneracy
What is the term for the whole genetic code?
genome
What is the term for the formation of amino acids from RNA?
translation
What is the term for a short, single-stranded nucleic acid?
oligonucleotide
What is the normal BUN range?
5-20 mg/dL
What is the normal creatinine range?
0.6-1.2 mg/dL
How do the BUN and creatinine levels present in kidney impairment?
grossly elevated creatinine accompanied by an elevated BUN
What is the term for fluid accumulation due to malfunction of the body’s ability to form and reabsorb fluid?
transudate
What is the term for an excess accumulation of fluid within any of the body’s serous cavities?
effusion
What immunodeficiency disorder is actually a group of congenital disorders in which both the humoral and cell-mediated portions of the immune system are dysfunctional?
severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID)
What are the characteristics of SCID?
lymphopenia, hypogammaglobulinemia, small thymus, no tonsils or lymph nodes; patients are vulnerable to recurrent severe infections, retarded growth, and early death
Which immune elements are involved in a positive TB skin test?
T-cells and macrophages
Which bacterial genus appears as a Gram+ bacilli with spores (isolated from an aerobic culture)?
Bacillus sp.
Which bacterial genus appears as thin, filamentous, branching, poorly-staining Gram+ bacilli that can also be partially acid-fast?
Nocardia sp.
Which bacterial genus appears as short, Gram+ bacilli with “picket-fence” or “Chinese lettering” arrangement?
Corynebacterium sp.
Which bacterial genus appears as regular, rectangular, non-spore forming Gram+ bacilli with a tendency to form short chains?
Lactobacillus sp.
What stain is used to confirm the presence of Heinz bodies?
supravital stain (methylene blue or brilliant cresyl blue)
What is capillary electrophoresis (CE)?
a newer method of highly automated electropheresis in which the separation and migration of the individual solutes occurs inside a capillary tube
What are the two main characteristics of an immunoassay that has high specificity but low sensitivity?
identifies the absence of disease, has few false positives
How can Chrysosporium sp. be distinguished from Blastomyces dermatitidis?
Chrysosporium is not converted to a yeast at 37*C, and it will not grow on cycloheximide-containing media
How are Chrysosporium and Blastomyces similar?
mold form shows small, smooth, oval microconidia, each supported by a conidiophore (“lollipop” appearance)
What characteristics do Sepedonium sp. share with the mold form of Histoplasma capsulatum?
production of large, spherical macroconidia, which may have a prickly surface when mature
What characteristic do Malbranchia sp. share with the mold form of Coccidioides immitis?
produces alternate-staining arthroconidia
Compare and contrast Scedosporium sp. with Blastomyces dermatitidis.
both produce single, oval, microconidia; however, Scedosporium sp. are slightly larger and have a darker pigmentation
Can saprophytic molds grow as molds?
no
What is the main limitation of standard PCR that is not present in real-time PCR?
inability to quantitate DNA product due to endpoint analysis only
What is the effect of dehydration on urea levels?
decreases them
The gametocytes of which Plasmodium species grows inside a red cell until the cell is destroyed?
Plasmodium falciparum
What does nephelometry measure?
light scatter
MacConkey agar without crystal violet is useful in the presumptive ID of what organism?
Mycobacterium fortuitum/chelonei
What media is used to culture Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
methylene blue-glucose diphasic media
What media is used to culture Legionella pneumophila?
buffered charcoal yeast extract (BCYE)
What media is used to culture Vibrio parahemolyticus?
thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose (TCBS)
An increase in unconjugated bilirubin, accompanied by normal serum alkaline phosphate, normal liver enzymes, and no urine bilirubin, would suggest what?
increased rate of hemolysis
Light grey-white, border to border fungal growth from a clinical specimen is usually suggestive of what?
Zygomycete contaminant
Which Zygomycete appears under a lactophenol blue mount with non-septate hyphae terminating in large globose phialides with lateral branches giving rise to columella, to which loose clusters of sporangiola are attached?
Cunninghamella sp.
What kind of infection can Cunninghamella species cause?
skin and internal infections in immunosuppressed patients (from disease, chemotherapy, or post-surgery)
Sporangiophores with a distinctive backward curve leading to globose sporangia at the tips, and whose sporangiospores commonly stain brown, are characteristic of what organism?
Circinella sp.
Spherical sporangium at the tip of narrow sporangiophores; distinctive cylindrical arrangement of elongated merosporangia from sporangium surface (“daisy petal”); and tiny sporangiospores aligned in tandem with each merosporangium, are all characteristic of what organism?
Syncephalostrum sp.
Rheumatoid factor in RA is primarily what class of immunoglobulin?
IgM
What is the term that describes what the body does to a drug after it is introduced to the body, specifically in terms of absorption, distribution, chemical changes, and excretion?
pharmacokinetic
What are pharmacodynamics?
what a drug does to the body in terms of physiological response
Define lookback.
procedures that must be followed by a transfusion service when they are told that a previous donor now tests positive for an infectious disease
What is the chief biochemical marker of Klebsielleae?
Voges-Proskauer
What is the chief biochemical marker of Proteeae/
phenylalanine deaminase
What is the chief biochemical marker of Escherichieae?
++– IMViC
What does IMViC stand for?
indole, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer, citrate
What is the chief biochemical marker of Edwardsielleae?
hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
What are the two main mechanisms of the relationship between cardiovascular disease and adipose tissue?
1) inflammatory cytokines, synthesized and released by adipose tissue, contribute; 2) the state of abnormal lipids and lipid levels found in metabolic syndrome also contribute to cardiovascular disease
Which hemoglobin is increased in delta-beta thalassemia?
Hgb F
Which adipokine is decreased in obesity, anti-inflammatory, and increases insulin sensitivity?
adiponectin
African-American alpha-thalassemia patients most likely have which form of the disease?
homozygous minor
Agglutination of red cells prior to the addition of antiglobulin reagent has what effect on both the IAT and DAT?
can cause false positives
What method can distinguish Howell-Jolly bodies from Pappenheimer bodies, and what are the results?
Prussian blue stain; Pappenheimer bodies will stain, while Howell-Jolly bodies will not
What is the state of bone marrow in alpha- thalassemia?
hyperplasia
Is an infection from Vibrio vulnificus disseminated or localized?
disseminated
Is an infection from Staphylococcus aureus disseminated or localized?
localized
Is an infection from Erysipelothrix musiopathiae disseminated or localized?
localized
Is an infection from Salmonella typhi disseminated or localized?
disseminated
How do whole blood glucose levels relate to those of serum?
they are lower
Electrophoretic separation of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme that demonstrates elevation in LD-1 greater than LD-2 can indicate what two things?
myocardial infarction, hemolysis
What is the animal resevoir for Salmonella enteritidis?
poultry
What is the animal resevoir for Escherichia blattae?
cockroaches
What is the animal resevoir for Edwardsiella tarda?
reptiles
What erroneous effect does cryoglobulin or cryofibrinogen have on an automated platelet count?
increases it
What erroneous effect do WBC fragments or hemolysis have on an automated platelet count?
increases it
What erroneous effect does clotting or platelet satellitosis have on an automated platelet count?
decreases it
What erroneous effect does platelet clumping have on an automated platelet count?
decreases it
Which lipoprotein transports the majority of cholesterol to cells for steroid hormone synthesis or cell membrane inclusion?
LDL
True or False: individuals infected with the 2009 influenza A H1N1 virus do not require treatment.
true
What is the ultimate end product of both epinephrine and norepinephrine metabolism?
vanillylmandellic acid (VMA)
How does salicylic acid (aspirin) specifically affect platelet function?
inhibits cyclooxygenase
