1:3 Social developments - Content Flashcards
1
Q
Even though many women worked during WW2, many of them did what in the 1950s?
A
They returned to traditional homemaker roles
2
Q
What % of women were married?
A
75%
3
Q
What was the average age at which a woman got married?
A
21
4
Q
What were the main things a woman spent her time doing?
A
Looking after children, cleaning, cooking, shopping and doing laundry
5
Q
Why were women deterred from working, especially when they got married and had children?
A
It was believed that working mothers would be detrimental to the development of their children
6
Q
Why was family allowance paid to women?
A
To ensure that the woman did not need to work
7
Q
Why did trade unions tend not to support women?
A
They believed this would lower wages
8
Q
When was equal pay for teachers introduced?
A
1952
9
Q
Women’s lives in the home were improved by…
A
new labour-saving devices
10
Q
Between 1957-59, the number of households owning a washing machine rose by…
A
54%
11
Q
The booming economy encouraged higher levels of…
A
immigration
12
Q
In which two areas was there a lack of jobs?
A
Transport and nursing
13
Q
What 3 places made up the New Commonwealth?
A
The West Indies, India and Pakistan
14
Q
The people living in the New Commonwealth were…
A
encouraged to come to Britain to fill these jobs
15
Q
What was the ‘Empire Windrush’?
A
The ship that sailed from Kingston, Jamaica to London in May 1948
16
Q
How many immigrants did Empire Windrush carry?
A
492
17
Q
By 1958, how many Commonwealth immigrants had settled in Britain?
A
Approx. 210,000
18
Q
Why were 75% of the immigrants men?
A
They were working to support family back in their home country
19
Q
Where did the majority of Commonwealth immigrants come from?
A
The West Indies
20
Q
In the 1960s, how many people came to live in Britain in total?
A
Approx. 1.25 million people
21
Q
However, many people emigrated out of Britain to what 2 places?
A
Australia and North America
22
Q
Australia was keen to attract immigrants and so offered…
A
assistance with travel, jobs and housing
23
Q
In the 1950s, how many Britons migrated abroad?
A
Approx. 1.32 million
24
Q
In the 1960s, how many Britons migrated abroad?
A
1.92 million
25
Many people welcomed the immigrants, and immigration had many economic benefits as...
immigrants filled many low-wage jobs
26
However, immigration led to...
social tensions
27
When were the race riots in Nottingham?
1958
28
When were the race riots in Notting Hill, London?
1958
29
Who was the leader of British fascism?
Oswald Mosley
30
How did Oswald Mosley attempt to become MP for Notting Hill at the 1959 general election?
He took advantage of the race riots and based his campaign on repatriation (returning an immigrant to their home country)
31
What were men's average weekly wages in 1951?
£8.30
32
What were men's average weekly wages in 1961?
£15.35
33
There were massive increases in...
private savings
34
What helped farmers to do very well economically in this period?
The continuation of generous state subsidies
35
When did food rationing end completely?
1954
36
Easy access to cheap mortgages led to...
an increase in homeownership
37
However, in the 1950s, there were still more people living in...
council houses and rented accommodation than private homeowners
38
What kind of society was Britain in 1951?
Deferential and conformist, with an ingrained respect for authority
39
Were class loyalties strong?
Yes
40
What % of working-class voters voted for Labour in 1951?
65%
41
What % of middle-class voters voted Conservative in 1951?
80%
42
What was the most obvious sign of the new affluence?
The increase in ownership of consumer goods, such as televisions, washing machines, refrigerators and new furniture bought on hire purchase
43
By 1960, how many television sets were in use?
10 million
44
People also had more time and money to develop hobbies such as...
DIY and gardening, and television programmes began to reflect these interests
45
Between 1957-59, car ownership rose by...
25%
46
Why did holiday camps reach their peak of popularity in the 1950s?
People had paid time off work and enough disposable income to be able to afford to go on holiday
47
How many people holidayed each week with Butlins?
60,000 people
48
What enabled people to access more consumer goods?
Hire purchase
49
New consumer goods included...
fridges, cars and new furniture
50
Slums from the war-years were cleared and replaced with...
new towns, such as Harlow in Essex and Kirkby in Liverpool
51
Macmillan's house-building programme created...
more affordable houses and replaced those damaged in the war
52
What made housewives' lives easier?
New household gadgets which assisted with washing, shopping and cooking
53
Advertising became more prevalent, especially when...
ITV was launched in 1955
54
The boom in car ownership encouraged...
infrastructure improvement, such as the building of motorways
55
How and when did the building of motorways begin?
With the construction of the Preston bypass in 1958
56
Overall, access to cars, increased prosperity and shorter working weeks opened up new....
leisure, work and holiday opportunities
57
The members of the establishment all came from...
the same kinds of backgrounds and attended the same schools and universities
58
The establishment dominated all...
sectors of society - politics, business, law, media, the Church and the army
59
Why did the Suez Crisis lead to a decline in deference to the establishment?
Upon finding out that the government had lied, trust in politicians was weakened
60
Debates over issues like nuclear disarmament led to...
people challenging set ideas by the establishment
61
The behaviour of members of the establishment tainted their reputation, for example,
the Profumo affair, who lied to Parliament and was forced to resign in disgrace
62
There was a satire boom of media which...
ridiculed leading figures of society; the establishment
63
Give 3 examples of satire which ridiculed the establishment.
> Beyond the Fringe
> Private Eye
> That Was The Week That Wa
64
A number of academic studies argued that...
Britain's class-ridden society and lack of social mobility had blocked talent.
65
Give an example of one of these academic studies and when it was published?
Snow, in 1959
66
Who were the 'angry young men'?
A group of male writers who used their plays and books to attack established attitudes and sought to more accurately portray contemporary life
67
Why might the new household appliances have had a negative impact on women?
They left them feeling more unfulfilled by their limited lives
68
How did the government encourage women to stay at home as housewives?
They paid Family Allowance to the mother for any children after their first
69
Some middle-class women benefitted from...
equal pay being introduced for female teachers and women in the civil service
70
When was equal pay in the civil service introduced?
1954
71
What was the main factor that encouraged immigration?
Britain's booming economy
72
How did the government respond to growing unrest over immigration?
They passed the Commonwealth Immigrants Act in 1962
73
What did the Commonwealth Immigrants Act of 1962 do?
It limited the number of immigrants allowed to come to Britain
74
How did the booming economy allow for the creation of youth culture and the emergence of the teenager?
Full employment and rising wages meant that young people had disposable income to spend on luxuries for themselves
75
What helped to create the teenage image?
Advertising
76
Give an example of technological change which allowed for distinct youth cultures to develop?
The transistor radio
77
What gave young men more freedom?
The end of national service in 1960
78
What gave young women more freedom?
Labour-saving household devices
79
How did the baby-boom give teenagers more influence?
This was a larger generation due to the baby boom, and so they had more influence
80
Who were the Teddy Boys?
A youth subculture known for their long coats, narrow trousers, and Edwardian style
81
What was the concern over the Teddy Boys?
They were linked to juvenile delinquency and rising crime
82
Who were the Rockers?
A youth subculture known for their leather clothes and heavy motorcycles
83
Who were the Mods?
A youth subculture known for their smart suits, scooters, and 'sophisticated' pop music
84
There was rivalry between the Rockers and the Mods, which led to...
incidents like the riots in Clacton, Margate and Brighton, which created moral panic
85
Social development led to more liberal...
social attitudes
86
The new social attitudes were reflected in...
popular media and culture
87
What was Sapphire and when was it released?
A film from 1959, depicting violence, sex and racial tension
88
What was Victim and when was it released?
A film from 1961, depicting homosexuality
89
Why did these changing attitudes cause some tension?
There was some backlash against this new media as it was seen as immoral.
90
Who was the most famous campaigner against the shift in social attitudes?
Mary Whitehouse, who began her 'moral crusade' in 1963
91
When did Mary Whitehouse set up the Clean Up TV Campaign?
1964
92
When did Mary Whitehouse set up the National Viewers' and Listeners' Association?
1965
93
When was the Censorship Reform?
1955
94
What did the Censorship Reform of 1955 do?
It allowed previously banned content, such as sex, violence, drugs and adultery
95
What was the shift in post-war culture?
People felt more united and wanted to enjoy themselves and celebrate, since they were unsure of whether they would live long (Cold War fears)
96
Since children no longer needed to work, they could...
go on to further education after 15, and attend university
97
How many teenagers were there in 1959?
5 million
98
Parents could give pocket money to teenagers, so they bought...
records and fashion, helping to create their own culture
99
When was Macmillan's 'wind of change' speech?
1960
100
What did the 'winds of change' speech accept?
That the days of the Empire were gone and many colonies wanted to be independent
