1 & 2: intro & body fluid phys Flashcards
kidney functions in EXCRETION to rid the body of (2):
water soluble wastes
toxins/foreign substances
kidney balances sodium/potassium to maintain ___ balance and also creates glucose from AA thru ___
electrolyte
gluconeogenesis
kidney functions to balance ___ and it also secretes ___ such as the big 4 (angiotensin II, aldosterone, adh, anp)
pH
hormones
extracellular fluid is composed of ___ fluid & ___ ___ (and in specialized cases, transcellular fluid)
interstitial
blood plasma
net diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from high to low water concentrations
osmosis
the total number of particles in a solution:
1 osmole = __ mole of a SOLUTE PARTICLE (eg, glucose - cannot dissociate)
1
if a molecule can dissociate into ions (NaCl):
1 mol NaCl = __ osmole/L
2 (molecule can dissociate into 2 ions)
osmoles per KG of water is called ____, while osmoles per LITER of water is called ____; in dilute body fluids the terms can be used interchangably
osmolality
osmolarity
when inter & extracellular fluids are in osmotic equilibrium (~282mOsm/L) the solution is termed:
isotonic
a sol’n that has a lower concentration of impermeant solutes than the cell (<282) is termed ____, and water will move ____ the cell
hypotonic
into
a sol’n w/ a higher concentration of impermeant solutes than the cell (>282) is termed ____, and water will move ___ the cell
hypertonic
out of
in ___ sol’n, osmolarity = cell
in ___ sol’n, osmolarity > norm extracell fluid
in __ sol’n, osmolarity < norm extracell fluid
isosmotic
hyperosmotic
hypo-osmotic
____ occurs with low plasma sodium, and can either be due from ____ via loss of NaCl or ___ via over-retention of water (high sec. of ADH)
hyponatremia
dehydration
overhydration
MC electrolyte d/o that results in edema, brain swelling & damage, death
hyponatremia
____ occurs with high plasma sodium, either from ___ via water loss (lack of ADH prodx) or ____ via excess NaCl
-is less severe
hypernatremia
dehydration
overhydration
excess fluid in body tissues can either be ___ edema due to hyponatremia or ___ due to fluid leakage or lymphatic failure
intracellular
extracellular
the kidneys are located around __-__ and are ____ (space behind the peritoneum
L1-L4
retroparitoneal
the GLOMERULAR caps cause rapid fluid ____ while PERITUBULAR caps allow for rapid fluid ___
filtration
reabsorption
the functional unit of the kidney, the nephron, has 2 dif structures/areas, the ____, which has short loops and composes 70-80%, and _____, which has a longer loop of henle and penetrates deeper into medulla, contains vasa recta
cortical
juxtamedullary
kidney can’t regen new ___, and after 40yo there is a decrease in their number
nephrons
fluid fliltered from glomerular caps:
- bowmans capsule
- __ _ __
- distal tubule
- connecting tubule
- __ __
- renal pelvis
loop of henle
collecting duct
in the urinary bladder, the detrusor muscle has fibers that are ____, it contracts as one unit
intertwined
the ___ is on the post wall of the bladder, with ureters entering at the upper portion, and a smooth mucosa surface
trigone
the ___ of the bladder enter thru the detrusor muscle, and can be shut down by the tone of the detrusor musc to prevent urine backflow
ureters
muscle found at the bladder neck, which prevents emptying until pressure rises about threshold
internal sphincter
muscle of the bladder that is under voluntary control
external sphincter
innervation of the bladder comes from the ___ nerves via the ___ plexus, S2, S3 cord segments
pelvic
sacral
the ___ nerve innervates the external bladder sphincter, while sympathetic innervation is via the ___ nerves, which stim blood supply to the bladder
pudendal
hypogastric
urine flow:
___ -> collecting duct -> renal calyces -> ___ -> bladder
nephron
ureters
urine frlow from the collecting ducts to renal calyces causes ___ ___
peristaltic contractions
____ reflex occurs when there is severe pain (kidney stone) bc ureters contain many pain fibers
uretororenal
___ reflex occurs when sens stretch receptors are initiated as the bladder fills with urine
- is self-regenerative, autonomic
- is inhibited if bladder was not emptied
micturtion
voluntary urination occurs via contraction of ___ muscles
abdominal
____ syndrome due to different kidney damage disorders, which all result in excess protein in the urine
-caused by multisystem diseases that damage the __ __
nephrotic
glomerular membrane
in nephrotic syndrome, symptoms include protein such as ___ (mc) in the urine, which makes it foamy and ____ of face, arms, legs, abdm.
albumin
edema
UTI usually caused by bact infxn that results in:
- urge to urinate
- burning sens
- pelvic discomfort
- lower abdm pressure
- cloudy/bloody urine
cystitis
cystitis is treated by
antibiotics
acute infxn of renal pelvis or parenchyma usually due to an ASCENDING UTI
pyelonephritis
tx for pylonephritis involve preventing uti from spreading via ___ therapy
antibiotic
kidney stones, mc Ca oxalate and Ca phosphate is termed ____, and shows symptoms of flank pain, n/v, blood in urine
nephrolithiasis
nephrolithiasis is caused by an:
imbalance of water
genetic d/o that causes formation and enlargement of cysts in the kidneys
polycystic kidney disease
autosomal __ polycystic kidney disease is seen in 30-40 yo, while autosomal ___ polycystic kidney disease is seen in young children/in the womb
dominant
recessive
