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Question 1

What is Pharmacokinetics ?

Answer 1

A principle of pharmacology : what the body does to the drug.

Question 2

What is Pharmacodynamic ?

Answer 2

A principle of pharmacology : what the drug does to the body.

Question 3

Why is the mode of administration important in drug ?

Answer 3

It allows to act on multiple parameters of the drug : The rapidity of the drug to reach the target organ, the lenght of the effect, the organ to target , what is the final effect, local or systemic effect …

Question 4

On what depends the effectiveness of the absorbsion ?

Answer 4

1) molecular size & shape
2) degree of ionization (mor effective when not ionized)
3) lipid solubility of ionized & non-ionized forms
4) its binding to serum and tissue proteins
5) for oral administration, drug must be soluble and stable in stomach fluid + surface area of the region of absurption (gastro/intestine).

Question 5

what determines the bioavailability of a drug ?

Answer 5

+Absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination determine the availability of a drug.

Question 6

What is a xenobiotic ?

Answer 6

A chemical substance found within an organism that is not naturally produced or expected to be present in the living organism

Question 7

What is the fate of the drug ?

Answer 7

Administration, absorption, distribution, binding, action and elimination

Question 8

When the drug is oral, what is the best form for it to be absorbed ?

Answer 8

Nonionized and lipophilic form

Question 9

Is the absorption the same in the estomac and in the intestine ?

Answer 9

No, bigger surface in interstie and ph 3 to 6 in intestine

Question 10

Which one is the largest organ for absurption ?

Answer 10

Skin

Question 11

What is the “drug pass effect” ?

Answer 11

Before the drug is available for use (ex: orally, GI tract, hepatic portal vein, liver)

Question 12

How to measure bioavailability ?

Answer 12

Concentration of bioavailable medicine in the body % of dose in time. Calculating area under the curve to compare

Question 13

What is Cmax ?

Answer 13

Maximum concentration of the drug in the body

Question 14

What is the bioequilence of a drug ?

Answer 14

when two drug are equivalent: way of administration, same active ingredient, same strenght and concentration

Question 15

What is the distribution ?

Answer 15

When the drug distribute into te intersticial and intracellular fluid.

Question 16

What determines rates and amount of distribution ?

Answer 16

cardiac output, lipid slubility, transmembr ph gradient, half life, blood flow, plasma protein, capillarity permeability.

Question 17

What are capillaries ?

Answer 17

single layer of cells packed tightly together,t hey habe small pores, connect arteriole and venules, enable exchange of water, frug oxyge,beteen blood and surrounding tissues

Question 18

What is the use of the blood brain barrier ?

Answer 18

only lipid soluble drugs can nter the brain, prevennt inflitration of patogens thkx to endothelial cells.

Question 19

What is the metabolism of a drug ?

Answer 19

the breakdown of the drug

Question 20

Where metabolism happen ?

Answer 20

Liver

Question 21

what are the main phases of metabolism ?

Answer 21

new ore modified fctal group. parent frug become more polar metabolites (can involve hydrolisis of reduction of the drug, oxidation).
II phase ; cibjugation with an endogenous compoind ? attachment of an ionised grop to the dreg. Convert metabolits more polar and more readily exreted metabolites by renal or biliary eliination. SOme dug are toxic, detoxification at phase 2

Question 22

what is oxidation ?

Answer 22

catalised bu cytovhtor P450 enzymes and results in the loss of electrons from the drugs

Question 23

What are cytochrome families ?

Answer 23

microsomal superfamily , isoenzymes that transfer electrons and catalize oxidation

Question 24

who are microsomal superfamily , isoenzymes that transfer electrons and catalize oxidation

Answer 24

cytochrome

Question 25

3 main action of the metabolism

Answer 25

end pharmacological activity, ends toxicity, increases polaritu and water polaritu.

Question 26

Is possible that drugs are not metabolized and secreted in intact way ?

Answer 26

yes, is the case of lithium

Question 27

what are route sof elimination ?

Answer 27

Renal, lungs, biliary or facal, skin, slaive, tears

Question 28

what is stready state

Answer 28

when drug administration approximate the excretion rate

Question 29

what is the therapeutic window ?

Answer 29

when there is the right munt of drug and is maintained