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cabs2: pulm > 1,000 foot view Pulmonology > Flashcards

1,000 foot view Pulmonology Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the superior portion of the nose

A

cribriform plate and ethmoid

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2
Q

where does the air become turbulent

A

moved through conchae

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3
Q

what aids in the humidification of air

A

sinuses

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4
Q

what is the pharynx lined with

A

ciliated columnar cells that continue to make mucus and humidify the air

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5
Q

what areas are passage areas for both air and food/drink?

A

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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6
Q

what does the laryngopharynx divide into

A

esophagus and trachea

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7
Q

what protects food from going into the trache

A

epiglottis

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8
Q

what is the connection between the upper nasal and oropharynx and the inferior respiratory centers

A

larynx

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9
Q

what encompasses the true vocal cords and false vocal cords

A

endolarynx

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10
Q

what controls the length of the vocal cords

A

laryngeal muscles

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11
Q

what connects the larynx to the lower airways

A

U shaped cartilage ringed structures

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12
Q

where does the trachea enter the lungs

A

at the hilum

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13
Q

what is the entry and exit point from the lung parenchyma

A

hilum

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14
Q

what is included within the hilum

A

primary bronchus
pulmonary artery
pulmonary veins
pulmonary nerve plexus
lymphatics

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15
Q

what are the layers of the bronchioles

A

epithelial lining - contains goblet-cells and cilia
smooth muscle layer
connective tissue layer

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16
Q

what is the carina

A

split off the trachea

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17
Q

what is the size of the bronchioles

A

1mm in diameter

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18
Q

what are the lobes of the lung

A

right lung - 3 lobs: superior, middle and inferior
left: superior and inferior

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19
Q

what are the lung fissures

A

left: horizontal and oblique fissure
right: oblique fissure

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20
Q

what makes up the alveoli

A

simple squamous epithelium
thin elastic basement membrane
capillary endothelium surround alveoli

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21
Q

what controls airway resistance

A

smooth muscles

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22
Q

what is the ‘search pattern’ for a chest x-ray

A

Airway
Bones
Cardiac and mediastinum
Diaphragm
Extras (lines, drains, wires, abdomen)
Fields

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23
Q

which ribs are false

A

8, 9 and 10

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24
Q

what ribs are floating

A

11 and 12

25
Q

what way do the external intercostals pull the ribs

A

upward
push the sternum forward and expand thoracic cavity for inspiration

26
Q

what intercostals help with expiration

A

internal intercostals - pull the ribs downward

27
Q

where does the diaphragm originate

A

xiphoid process

28
Q

what nerve innervates the diaphragm

A

phrenic nerve

29
Q

when the thoracic cavity expands what occurs with the diaphragm

A

flattens when contracted

30
Q

what portion of the diaphragm is higher riding on xray

A

right sided

31
Q

what is the bottom of the lung where fluid can be trapped called

A

costophrenic angle

32
Q

What is the barometric pressure

A

760 mmHg

33
Q

what is the alveoli pressure

A

760 mmHg

34
Q

what is the intrapleural pressure

A

750 mmHg
(-4–10mmHg)

35
Q

if intrethoracic pressure increases what happens to the intrathoracic volume

A

the intrathoracic volume decreases

36
Q

as the volume increases during inspiration what happens to the intra-alveolar pressure

A

it decreases

37
Q

what is equaled out during inspiration

A

intra-alveloar and barometric pressure with the inflow of air

38
Q

what does decreased thoracic volume do to thoracic pressure

A

decreased thoracic volume = increased thoracic pressure

39
Q

what is the sequence of events for expiration

A

inspiratory muscles relex (diaphragm rises; rib cage descends due to recoil)
thoracic cavity volume decreases
elastic lungs recoil passively; intrapulmonary volume decreases
intrapulmonary pressure rises (to +1 mmHg)
air (gases) flows out of lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0

40
Q

what is the sequence of events for inspiration

A

inspiratory muscles contract (diaphragm descends)
thoracic cavity volume increases
lungs stretched; intrapulmonary volume increases
intrapulmonary pressure drops (to -1 mmHg)
air (gases) flows into lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary is 0

41
Q

what is the gas exchange unit

A

alveloi

42
Q

what does Pores of Kohn allow for

A

the passage of air between the alveoli to share to air

43
Q

what are the cell types within the alveoli

A

type 1: squamous cells. most common, provides structures
type 2: secrete surfactant
alveolar macrophages

44
Q

what is surfactant

A

lipoprotein that coats the inner lining of the alveoli to prevent them from collapsing on themselves
reduces surface tension within the alveoli

45
Q

what is the Law of Laplace

A

pressure between inner aspect and outside world of a sphere is inversely proportional to the radius so….
the smaller the alveoli get (expiration) the more pressure put on them increasing the likelihood of alveolar collapse

46
Q

what is pulmonary compliance

A

how much the pulmonary cavity able to accommodate the changing thoracic volume during respiration

lung (mL) / Pressure (mmHg)

47
Q

what is decreased compliance

A

decreased ability for the required pressure gradients to form
- pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial lung disease, pulmonary edema, obstructive lung disease, decreased surfactant, obesity, aging

48
Q

what does hypoxia trigger

A

vasoconstriction in the lungs

49
Q

what is the equation for ventilation

A

ventilatory rate x volume per breath

50
Q

what is the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

A

how quickly the hemoglobin gets rid of the oxygen

51
Q

Right shifted curve - Bohr effect

A

increased oxygen delivery to tissues caused by low pH, increased CO2, high temperature.. etc

52
Q

what is a left shifted curve

A

haldane effect
reduced oxygen delivery to tissues - holds onto it
caused by: high pH, low temp, fetal Hb

53
Q

what is dead space

A

volume of air that does not participate in gas exchange

54
Q

what part of the respiratory system does not participate in gas exchange

A

conducting airways

55
Q

what is alveloar dead space

A

non-perfused alveoli

56
Q

what is anatomic dead space

A

conducting airways

57
Q

what is Q

A

perfusion
Cardiac output = HR x SV

58
Q

what is V

A

ventilation
tidal volume - dead space x RR

59
Q

what is the ventilation and perfusion relationship

A

V/Q ratio
normal 0.8
optimal gas exchange

cabs2: pulm (7 decks)

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