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Immunology > 09.17.18 Acquired Immunodeficiency > Flashcards

09.17.18 Acquired Immunodeficiency Flashcards

1
Q

Defects in the immune system not arising from genetic abnormalities, but from infections, nutritional deficiencies, other medical conditions/treatments, or external stimuli

A

Acquired Immunodeficiency

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2
Q

What are the causes of acquired immunodeficiency?

A
  1. Disorders of biochemical homeostasis
  2. Disorders of protein loss
  3. Trauma/burns
  4. Environmental exposures
  5. Hyposplenism
  6. Life events (pregnancy/stress)
  7. Infection
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3
Q

How does diabetes mellitus affect the immune system?

A
  1. Decreased neutrophil function
  2. Poor peripheral circulation (increases skin ulceration)
  3. Infectious complication = disseminated candidiasis/yeast
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4
Q

What are the disorders of biochemical homeostasis?

A
  1. Diabetes mellitus
  2. Dialysis and uremia
  3. Liver cirrhosis
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5
Q

How can hemodialysis affect immune system?

A
  1. Reduced T cell function and Ig production

2. Compromised neutrophil/dendritic function

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6
Q

How can chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) affect the immune system?

A

no sig systemic immune defects BUT

  1. Peritoneal neutrophil function depressed due to removal of opsonic factors (Ig and complement) with the dialysate
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7
Q

How can cirrhosis affect the immune system?

A
  1. Liver dysfunction= risk for bacterial sepsis and peritonitis bc high glucocorticoids and low complement (complement made in liver)
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8
Q

What are disorders of protein loss?

A
  1. Nephrotic Syndrome
  2. Peritoneal dialysis
  3. Protein-losing enteropathies
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9
Q

Any disease process w/ increased protein loss can lead to _____

A

Hypogammaglobulinemia

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10
Q
  • Kidney disease with significant protein loss
  • Low Igs
  • infection from encapsulated bacteria
A

Nephrotic Syndrome

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11
Q

Includes inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, intestinal lymphangiectasia

A

Protein-losing enteropathies

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12
Q

How does trauma affect the immune system?

A

Massive release of inflammatory cytokines

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13
Q
  • Greater immune suppression that mechanical trauma

- disrupts large area of nonspecific defense (skin)

A

Burns

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14
Q

What are examples of environmental exposures?

A
  1. Ionizing radiation
  2. UV radiation
  3. Toxic chemicals
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15
Q

How can ionizing radiation affect the immune system?

A
  • Damage DNA –> cell division –> impaired immune function
  • B cell low; T cell numbers recover more rapidly
  • Primary antibody response diminished
  • Phagocytic cells= radiation resistant
  • Nodes/spleen affected
  • Damaged local barriers= increased susceptibility to infection
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16
Q

How can UV radiation affect the immune system?

A

Chronic sun exposure leads to diminished function of all skin resident immune cells

17
Q

Numerous environmental chemicals incriminated in causing harm to the immune system

A

Toxic Chemicals

18
Q

How can splenectomy/hyposplenism affect the immune system?

A

Risk of sepsis with encapsulated organisms (lose macrophage in marginal zone)

19
Q

How does pregnancy impact the immune system?

A
  1. Higher incidence of infection dependent upon cellular immunity
  2. Depressed cellular immunity during pregnancy
20
Q

How does stress impact the immune system?

A
  • Diminished cellular immune function

- Reduced NK activity, depressed lymphocyte mitogen responses

21
Q

What is the major cause of acquired immunodeficiency in the world?

A

HIV

22
Q

What are examples of non-HIV infections that result in immunodeficiency?

A
  1. Measles
  2. Herpesvirus
  3. Parasites
23
Q

What is the impact of measles on the immune system?

A
  1. Significant immune suppression –> superinfection
  2. T cell lymphopenia
  3. Diminished T cell proliferation
  4. Diminished antibody production
  5. Infection of T cells and dendritic cells by measles
24
Q

How can herpesvirus affect the immune system?

A

Can cause transient depression of cell-mediated immunity (esp with cytomegalovirus (CMV))

25
Q

How can parasites affect the immune system?

A
  1. Decreased cell-mediated immunity in malaria
26
Q

Bacteria producing toxins

A

Superantigens

27
Q

How can superantigens affect the immune system?

A
  1. Sig immune stimulation, but T cells eventually decrease

2. Neutrophil function is decreased

Immunology (9 decks)

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