09.13.18 Vaccines Flashcards
a substance designed to induce a potent and protective immune response to potential microbial pathogens by exposing the host to antigenic, but non-pathogenic material
Vaccine
The body’s response to exposure to a potential pathogen, hopefully leading to a long-term protective response
Active immunity
Created via the transfer of pre-formed antibodies to an individual
Passive immunity
What is the difference between monoclonal and polyclonal?
Monoclonal- protection against only that pathogen
Polyclonal- IVIG,
How must you treat an animal bite?
Administer rabies immune globulin (RIG) and rabies vaccine
How would you treat a baby with very low Ig production and very low CD19?
Passive immunity forever- IVIG
What are common situations in which passive immunization is used?
- Protection against toxins- tetanus, botulism, diphtheria, snake venom
- Rho-Gam- prevent Rh- mothers from becoming sensitive to fetal Rh+ (product with antibody against D Ag)
- IVIg for deficiencies in humoral immune system
- Antibody products directly against specific viral antigens- rabies, hep A
- Various infections/autoimmune disease
What do terms D positive and D negative refer to?
Presence/absence of the Rh antigen D on the RBC
Whole bacteria or viruses which are either killed or weakened prior to use as vaccine
Inactivated and Attenuated Bacterial and Viral Vaccines
produced by growing large numbers of virus or bacteria and killing (inactivating) them using heat or chemical fixation
Inactivated vaccines
produced by repeated passages of the organism through cell culture or laboratory animals until an non-virulent organism is isolated
Attenuated, live vaccines
What is an example of an inactivated bacterial vaccine? inactivated viral vaccine?
What is limit to use of inactivated vaccines?
Bacteria- typhoid
Viral- flu
Short-lived protection
Effective; generate long term protection; booster doses recommended for some
Attenuated, live viral vaccine
What are examples of attenuated live viral vaccine?
What is an example of attenuated bacterial vaccine?
Viral:
- Measles
- Mumps
- Rubella
- Chickenpox
- Rotavirus
- live (oral) flu vaccine
Bacterial:
- BCG
HIV+ baby wants vaccine, what is concern?
Live vaccines for those with immune deficiency is a safety concern
Toxoids and purified polysaccharide antigens are examples of what kind of vaccines?
Purified antigen/subunit vaccines
- Toxins inactivated, usually by chemical modification
- Very effective immunogens
- Diphtheria, Tetanus
Toxoids
- Not efficient at long term protection (T independent)
- effective when coupled to proteins
- CONJUGATE VACCINES
- Ex. Hib
Purified polysachharid Antigens
What are pros/cons to purified antigen/subunit vaccines and synthetic/recombinant antigen vaccines?
+ V safe
- Short shelf life, difficulty to produce, doesn’t stimulate CTL
- active part is a synthesize protein/AA
- Tech required identification of antigenic epitopes on a particular molecule
- Ex. Hep B
Synthetic/Recombinant Antigen Vaccines
What are components in vaccines?
- Adjuvants
- Diluent
- Stabilizer
- Antibiotics
- Preservatives
substance added to vaccine to improve/stimulate the immune response
Adjuvants
this vaccine component usually consists of water or saline
diluent
this vaccine component maintains vaccine potency
stabilizer
phenomenon seen when a large percentage of individual in the community are immunized
- microorganism can’t survive in population
- low probability unimmunized individual will come in contact with pathogen
Herd immunity
What are the risks to vaccines?
- Local reactions
- Mild systemic reactions
- Varied allergic reactions
- Compound previously used as a vaccine preservative
- Contains ethylmercury – Mad Hatter
- Current vaccines don’t contain this/only minute quantities
Thimerosal
