09 Human Factors 2: HMI design and driver impairment Flashcards
Definitions
What is a Human Machine Interface (HMI)?
A means for a human being to monitor and control a system or subsystem.
What is the main difference
between a SuperCruise driver and
a Boing 777 pilot?
Car:
* seconds for overtake
* no training
Plane:
* minutes for overtake
* Years of traning
Ironies of automation
- The more advanced a control system is, the more crucial
may be the contribution of the human operator - The designer leaves the operator to do the tasks which the
designer cannot think how to automate. - The operator is being asked to monitor that the automation
is working effectively. - The most successful automated systems need the greatest
investment in human operator training
User-centred design
Definition
Approach to systems design and development that aims to
make interactive systems more usable by focusing on the
use of the system and applying human factors/ergonomics
and usability knowledge and techniques
User-centred design
Expected outcome:
– Increased productivity
– Improved understanding
– Increased usability
– Increased accessibility
– Improved safety
User-centred design
3 major phases:
1. Understanding users => observe people and tasks
performed by the users
2. Creating prototypes => combine understanding of people
and human characteristics, interface guidelines and
principles of human behaviour
3. Evaluating => heuristic evaluations and usability tests with
low-fidelity mock-ups or prototypes
HMI safety warning modes
- Visual
- Auditory
- Haptic
Visual
- Color
- Symbol
- Text
- Size
- Brightness/ Intensity
- Contrast
- Location
- Flashing
- Duration
Auditory HMI safety warnings
- Speech warning: recording or a synthesized voice that
repeats a certain word or set of words (e.g. “Brake!) - Tone warning: pure tones or combinations of tones to
grab drivers’ attention - Auditory icon: tone based, but the sound is associated
with an implicit meaning (e.g., rumble strip, sound of a tire
screeching or sound of broken glass)
Auditory HMI safety warnings
Appropriate use:
- To present high priority alerts and warnings
- To provide warnings when drivers may be distracted or looking away from a visual display
- To draw attention to location of potential crash threat
- To indicate onset of a system malfunction or limitation (brief
auditory tone followed by visual warning)
Visual HMI safety warnings
Appropriate use:
- To provide redundant or supplemental information that
accompanies a primary auditory or haptic warning - To provide primary warning information when drivers can be
expected to see the visual warning as part of the regular
information-acquisition process (e.g., information on rear-view
mirrors, HUD) - To provide continuous lower-priority (non-urgent) and complex
information, e.g. speed warning
Haptic HMI safety warnings
- Vibration/ Frequency
- Location
- Intensity
- Direction
- Duration (pulse, pulse interval, pattern or rhythm)
Haptic HMI safety warnings
Appropriate use
- To provide information if an auditory warning is unlikely to be
effective (e.g., if the driver’s auditory workload is excessive, if
auditory warnings are used extensively for another warnings) - To provide information only if the driver is in contact with the
haptic feedback source (e.g., drivers will usually feel a seat
vibration but they may not feel accelerator pedal feedback)
External HMIs (eHMI)
Projections and Displays for other pedastrians
Driver temporary impairment
Transient deteriorative change in driving performance, possibly
caused by factors such as:
1. Fatigue and drowsiness
2. Intoxication (e.g. alcohol, drugs)
3. Distraction
- Impairment due to distraction Examples
- Texting on mobile phone
- Conversing with passenger
- Eating / drinking / applying make up
- Looking at something / someone outside the car
- Visual scanning mismatch (loking at the mirror)
