03 Introduction Active Safety

Question 1

List different ways to evaluate active safety systems

Answer 1

Part of the “circle of life”
X-in the loop
NACP
Field operational test
Accident databases
Test track
Hardware-in-the-loop
Driving Sim
Software-in-the-loop
Counterfactual Sim

Question 2

Pre crash phase for active safety

Answer 2

• NON-Conflict (Assistance)
• Conflict (Warning -> Intervention)
• Point of nor return
• Mitigation
• CRASH

Question 3

Conflict avoidance (or risk management)

Answer 3

• Exposure control – e.g. infrastructure (barriers), distance alert
• Behaviour changes – e.g. coaching, training/education
• Automated driving – e.g. lane keep assist (LKA), adaptive cruise control (ACC)

Question 4

Crash avoidance (or threat management)

Answer 4

• Active safety/automated avoidance – e.g. Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB), Forward collision warning (FCW)

Question 5

Injury management

Answer 5

• Passive safety – e.g. seat belt, air bag, vehicle structure
• Post injury management – e.g. fast emergency care, e-call

Question 6

Injury risk curve + affect

Answer 6

starts at 0
increases
flatlines

(1) Reduce crash severity (moves left)
(3) Reduce the number of crashes (reduces peak)

Question 7

Crash frequency + affect

Answer 7

glockenkurve

(2) Reduce injury risk (moves right)

Question 8

Number of injured drivers

Answer 8

kleine Glockenkurve

Question 9

Describe different types of behavior-based safety (BBS)

Answer 9

Different types of “behaviour based safety”:
* Explicit coaching (typically professional drivers and teens)
* Implicit “coaching” or nudging
* Promoting safety “policy” or mind-set

Question 10

BBS Explicit coaching

Answer 10

• Monitor the driver while driving (for work)
• Identify “event” by kinematic triggers: e.g., acceleration threshold
• Driver’s manager and/or an external “coach” meet with driver regularly and provide feedback/incentive on triggered events

Question 11

BBS Implicit coaching
“Nudging”

Answer 11

• Make drivers drive safer by implicitly providing feedback
• For example vehicles and infrastructure can be designed to “promote safe driving”.
  
  • Vehicle example: In-vehicle sounds and “feeling”
  • Infrastructure: rumble strips, speed bumps, and narrow roads

Question 12

BBS Safety policies

Answer 12

• Typically in companies, but can also be schools and government institutions
• Idea - make traffic safety a priority. Examples:
  Have a safety policy
  Only allow specific company vehicle types
  Zero tolerance for speeding
  Promote/provide bicycle helmets
• Managers as role models

Question 13

Safety evaluation of Active Safety
Systems: Part of the “circle of life”

Answer 13

1. Traffic enviroment (understanding the problem)
2. Analysis/ Targets
3. Development
4. Testing (Testing solution)
5. Production (Following up the safety performance of the solution)

Question 14

X-in the loop

Answer 14

MiL – model in the loop
SiL – Software in the loop
HiL – Hardware in the lool
ViL – Vehicle in the loop

framework on how to assess safety in differnet parts of production phase

Question 15

The human factor in crash
causation

Answer 15

Crash involvement
factors (Treat et al.,
1979)
* Human Factors: 95%
* Road Environment Factors: 28%
* Vehicle Factors: 8%