08 - star deaths, binary systems, and compact objects

Question 1

star with least mass, pressure-temperature thermostat is slow, and it consumes H slowly and last 100 billion years more or more, completely convective

Answer 1

red dwarf

Question 2

less than about 4 solar masses, not hot enough to ignite carbon

Answer 2

low-mass (sunlike) star

Question 3

a dying star when fusion in core is failing because of build-up of carbon and oxygen. (the radius changes, it puffs up, and its less dense)

Eventually becomes a white dwarf

Answer 3

red giant

Question 4

fusion reacts in the core, cool, post main-sequence “alive” star, helium core fusion found in the horizontal branch

Answer 4

Yellow giant

Question 5

dead star - expanding shell(s) of gas ejected from low-mass dying star in red giant stage, slow winds and jets

Answer 5

Planetary nebula

Question 6

central star remnant contracts to dense core (in the planetary nebula)

ARE HOT and LOW luminosity,
bottom left hand side of the graph

Answer 6

white dwarf
(the core that’s leftover after the star dies)

Question 7

extremely high-density matter, pressure no longer depend on temperature (super packed electrons, and now it isn’t normal matter)

Answer 7

Degenerate matter

Question 8

greater than 1.4M (white dwarf is smaller than this) which will collapse and NOT support.

Answer 8

Chandrasekhar-Landau limit

Question 9

tell me about where the red dwarf is alive 90% of its lifetime, what happens at its final stage, and the process it takes

Answer 9

90% of its lifetime: main sequence (H - HE)
final stage: shrink, cool (we’ve actually never seen a red dwarf die)
process: fusion ends

Question 10

tell me about where the sun-like G star is alive 90% of its lifetime, what happens at its final stage, and the process it takes

Answer 10

90% of its lifetime: main sequence (fuse H-HE)
final stage: red giant, yellow giant, red giant, no fusion
process: He shell, HE fusion, C/O ash

Question 11

displacement/time change

Answer 11

speed (s)

Question 12

direction distance change/ time change

Answer 12

velocity (v)

Question 13

velocity change/time change

Answer 13

acceleration (a)

Question 14

two+ stars can orbit at at a great distance or as close as 0.1AU

Answer 14

binary system

Question 15

volume of space a star sweeps gravitationally in a binary system

Answer 15

roche lobe

Question 16

measure of body to continue rotating, math product of mass, velocity, and radius

Answer 16

angular momentum

Question 17

white dwarf surface temporary explosion (latin “new” fora brief appearance)

Answer 17

nova

Question 18

zombie star, dead star that lights up

Answer 18

novae

Question 19

rotating disk of matter forms as drawn gravitationally toward a central body (think of a figure skater spinning and she spins faster as she moves her arms closer)

Answer 19

accretion disk

Question 20

two white dwarves colliding together. thermonuclear star explosion, completely destroyed, white dwarf gains enough to exceed chandrasekhar-landau limit

Answer 20

type 1a supernova (SNIa)

Question 21

exceptionally luminous star where the fusion in core is failing because of build-up of elements to iron (has iron core)

Answer 21

supergiant star

Question 22

violent, 4000x brighter than nova, long-lasting, and rare

Answer 22

super nova - exploding massive star

Question 23

massive star supernova completely explodes and all but the star core into space

Answer 23

type 2 supernova (SNII)

Question 24

nebulous remains, expanding shells of gas and dust excites the interstellar medium (may spark star formation elsewhere)

Answer 24

supernova remnant

Question 25

a body continues at rest, or uniform motion in straight line, unless acted upon by some other force

Answer 25

newton’s first law of motion

Question 26

body’s change of motion is proportional to the force acting on it, and direction of the force

Answer 26

newton’s second law of motion

Question 27

body exerting force on a second body receives equal and opposite force from body contact

Answer 27

newton’s third law of motion

Question 28

small, highly dense star remnant. radius about 10km, almost entirely tight compacted (degenerate) neutrons (remnants of the B stars)

Answer 28

neutron star

Question 29

source of regular, short, radio bursts, believed to be rapidly spinning neutron stars

Answer 29

pulsar

Question 30

fastest pulsars found

Answer 30

millisecond pulsar

Question 31

explains pulsar of neutron star spin sweeping beams of electromagnetic radiation

Answer 31

lighthouse model

Question 32

are you able to draw the life of blue supergiant, sun-like g-star, red dwarf, and brown dwarf?

Answer 32

1. protostar - blue supergiant - supernova - either black hole/neutron star
2. protostar - sun-like g star - red giant, planetary nebula - white dwarf
3. red dwarf - red dwarf - red dwarf - (eventually white dwarf)
4. brown dwarf - brown dwarf - brown dwarf…