(08) p375

Question 1

(Pathologic Calcification)

1. does calcification = minearlization?

2-3. what are the two types?

Answer 1

1. no
2. dystrophic calcification
3. metastatic calcification

Question 2

(Pathologic Calcification)

(dystrophic calcification)

1. calcification in what tissue? Ca2+ accumulates in what?
2. usually what kind of lesion? (harmful?)
3. normal or abnormal serum calcium levels?
4. rapid process in what two things?
5. what two types of granulomas?

Answer 2

1. necrotic tissue; mitochondria and cytoplasm
2. focal to multifocal lesion (harmless)
3. normal (normocalcemic)
4. cardiomyocytes and muscle cells
5. bacterial and parasite granulomas

Question 3

(Pathologic Calcification)

(Metastatic Calcification)

1. generalized intra or extracellular calcium salt deposits in what?
2. in particular at what and what? cells with acidic of basic cytoplasm?
3. do they have hyper or hypo calcemia?
4. can cause what in parathryoid? leading to what?

Answer 3

1. previously undamaged tissue (mainly in mitochondria)
2. elastic fibers and basement membranes; acidic
3. hypercalcemia (eg hyperacalcemia of malignancy, iatrogenic hypervitaminosis D, consuption of vitamin D and/or calcium accumulating plants such as cestrum diurnum
4. hyperparathyroidism (primary, secondary renal or secondary nutritional form); leading to hypercalcemia due to hyperplasia of chief cells - get calcium from bones

Question 4

(Pathologic Calcification)

Dystophic vs. metastatic

1. happens in what kind of tissue
2. blood calcium?

Answer 4

1. necrotic tissue vs. begins in healthy tissue
2. normocalcemic vs. hypercalcemic

Question 5

(Pigments)

1-2 what are the two types?

Answer 5

1. exogenous pigments
2. endogenous pigments

Question 6

(exogenous pigments)

1. what is carbon deposition (black pigment) called?
2. what is usual route of entry?
3. where are carbon particles found?

(…)

4-5. what are two more examples

Answer 6

1. anthracosis
2. usually inhaled into lung and lung lymph nodes “smoker or living with smoker”
3. peribronchial, peribronchioloar, or alveolar macrophages
4. dusts (silica; silicosis; birefriengent under polarized light)
5. tattoos

Question 7

(Exogenous pigments)

(carotenoids)

1. fat soluble pigments of what origin? including precursors of what?
2. are they detectable in standard histo-sections? why?

(tetracyclins)

3. treatment of pregnant/gravid mother or neonatal (developing) animal –> ?

Answer 7

1. plant origin; vitamin A (beta carotene)
2. no - washed out during embedding process
3. discolorization of bones and teeth

Question 8

(Endogenous Pigments)

1. melanin can cause what?
2. ones that contain lipids and proteins
3. what’s the third kind of pigment?

Answer 8

1. melanosis

2 lipofuscin-ceroid

3. hemtagenous pigments

Question 9

(Melanin)

1. what kind of pigment?
2. produced by what?
3. cause what of skin? if focal? if generalized?

(depigmentation)

1. focal: destruction of melanocytes with release of what?
2. generealized: what metal deficency?
3. what is inherited defect of enzyme secretion for melanin production?

Answer 9

1. black intracellular pigment
2. melanoblasts/melanocytes (neuroectodermal)
3. hyperpigmentation; moles and freckles; increased secretion of melanotropin in some cases of Cushing’s disease
4. melanin (is phagocytozeid and removed)
5. copper deficiency (decreased melanin sytnehsis due to enzyme deficiency)
6. albinism

Question 10

(Lipofuscin)

1. what color and where?
2. composed of what?
3. autofluroscent: weakly luxol fast blue positive, PAS positive AFB stain positive
4. may cause what discolorization of tissues?
5. accumulates to degree of visibility in what kind of cells in light microscopy?
6. enon-degradable end product of autophagocytosis of damaged/senescent organelles in “residual bodies”
7. Usually harmless to cell unless what?

Answer 10

1. yellow brown intracellular “aging wear and tear pigment”
2. protien and lipids
3. brown
4. post-mitotic cells (old) - so permanent (neurons, cardiomyocyes, and myocytes) but also in slowly dividing (hepatocytes)
5. storage disease (Batten disease) (this is what you think if you see this pigment in young animals - will get neurologic disease)

Question 11

(Hemoglobin)

1. what pigment?
2. hemoglobin degradation in macrophages of what three things?
3. broken down to what and what?
4. heme –> bile acids and iron binds to what?
5. acute severe hemolysis leads to what and what? What is this indistinguishable from?

Answer 11

1. red
2. liver, spleen, and bone marrow
3. heme (with iron) and globin (–> AA)
4. protein (apoferritin and siderin)
5. hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria; myoglobinemia and myoglobinuria due to severe acute muscle damage

Question 12

(Hemosiderin)

1. what color?
2. Reserve iron is bound to protein - what two?
3. siderin stored in what?
4. stainable with what stain?

Answer 12

1. brown pigment
2. ferritin (readily available) or siderin (not readily available)
3. siderosomes (granules)
4. Prussian blue stain

Question 13

(Hemosiderin cont)

(Generalized hemosiderosis - bone marrow, spleen, liver)

1. usually due to what?
2. first detectable in when and where?

(Localized hemosiderosis)

1. in areas of what?

(Hemochromatosis)

2. increased resorption of what with massive storage in what?

Answer 13

1. hemolysis
2. in macrophages appr 3 days after hemorrhage
3. hemorrhages (including in body cavity after intracavitary hemmorhage)
4. increased enteric iron resorbption with massive storage in hepatocytes

Question 14

(Hematin)

1. what is a waste product of certain parasites? which ones?
2. what is melena?
3. what is annoying microscopic formalin artifact when pH of fixative < pH6 (–> use buffered formalin!)

Answer 14

1. parasite hematin; liver flukes and plasmodium sp.
2. acid hematin - blood exposed to HCl in stomach
3. formalin pigment

Question 15

(Hematoidin)

1. produced from what in tissue after hemorrhage?
2. first detectable about how many days after hemorrhage?
3. free of what?
4. birefringent (something with polarized light)
5. resembles what?

Answer 15

1. hemoglobin
2. 9 days
3. iron
4. bilirubin

Question 16

(Icterus - hyperbilirubinemia)

1. prehepatic - result of what?
2. hepatic - result of what?
3. posthepatic -
4. bilirubin stains tissue what color?

Answer 16

1. hemolysis
2. damage of hepatocytes or biliary cells leading to impaired dealing with bile pigments
3. extrahepatic (in bile duct) “cholestasis (bile can’t flow from liver to duodenum)
4. yellowish (jaundice) –> adipose tissue, sclera, arteries, tendons and tendon sheaths, etc. (always a generalized change)

Question 17

(icterus - hyperbilirubinemia)

1. do not confuse with what?
2. careful with interpretation of yellow discolorization of tissues in what animal?
3. invisible in tissues (only visible as “ductular/canalicular bile stasis’ in liver canaliculi and ducts), hepatocytes and renal tubular epithelial cells

Answer 17

1. carotenoid pigments (usually only adipose tissue discolored) or localized hemosiderosis
2. horses

Question 18

(Icterus - hyperbilirubinemia)

1. what is the end product of hemoglobin metabolism during erythrocyte degradation in cells of mononuclear macrophage system (

Answer 18

1. bilirubin

fuck it - just read this slide