(04) p136

Question 1

(Dehydration)

read this..

1. loss of sodium due to deficient sodium reabsorption of renal tubular epithelial cells in acute renal failure –> ?
2. loss of water (but not of sodium) via kidney (Diabetes inspidius and diabetes mellitus) –> ?
3. what are signs? in cows?

Answer 1

1. hypotone dehydration
2. hypertone dehydration (polydipsia)
3. sunken eyes, dry skin; dry ruminal, reticular, omasal content - dry feces

Question 2

(Hyperhydration)

1. often “iatrogenic” (medical) - due to infusion of what?
2. when rate of hydration with physiologic solution is higher than renal excretion
3. due to increased sodium up-take or decreased sodium excretion in animals with renal insufficiency
4. due to infustion with too much hypotone solution, decreased water excretion in animals with renal insufficiency
5. leads to what?

Answer 2

1. fluid
2. isotone hyperhydration
3. hypertone hyperhydration
4. hypotone hyperhydration
5. pulmonary edema, ascites (accumulation of fluid in abdominal cavity), hydrothorax, brain edema

Question 3

(Living Causes of disease - parasites)

1. parasitism (virus, bacteria, fungi)
2. in stricter sense (protozoa, helminths, arthropods)

Question 4

(cells)

1. cells undergo adaptation to achieve homeostasis - which is what?
2. when cells can’t maintain homeostasis what occurs?

Answer 4

1. maintenance of conditions necessary for cell survival
2. cell injury

Question 5

(The normal cell)

1. they are in a extracellular matrix

look at slides 149-154

Question 6

cell injury

Answer 6

Question 7

there is a time lapse after cell death in which you can detect stuff

Answer 7

Question 8

(Highly vulnerable intracelluar system)

1-5. What five things are highly vulnerable?

Answer 8

1. cell membranes
2. aerobic respiration (mitochondria)
3. protein synthesis (ER)
4. genetic apparatus
5. cytoskeleton

Question 9

(Reversible Cell Injury - “cellular degeneration”)

1. cell undergoing what changes as a result of the injury?
2. If the damaging stimulus is removed in time - what occurs?

Answer 9

1. functional and morphologic
2. those changes resolve (if not fixed in time - get necrosis)

Question 10

(Hallmarks of Reversible Cell Injury)

1. REduced what?
2. leads to depletion of what?
3. what does cell do then? caused by what?

Answer 10

1. oxidative phosphorylation
2. ATP
3. cellular swelling; changes in ion concentrationan and water influx

Question 11

(Cellular Injury and Acute Cellular Swelling (cell edema))

(Cell swelling)

1. disturbance of what?
2. how common is it?
3. increased cell size due to what?
4. Failure of cell volume regulation is accompanied by what three things to organelles?

Answer 11

1. cellular water balance
2. the most common and fundamental expression of cell injury (due to mechanical, hypoxic, toxic, free radical, viral, bacterial, and immune mediated)
3. overload of water (hyperhydration)
4. swelling, modification, and degeneration of organelles

Question 12

(Hypoxia, a common cause of cell injury)

1. what is it?
2. what is decreased circulation of tissue in terminal capillary bed?

(Ishcemic hypoxia)

1. deficiency of what?
2. decreased delivery of what? decreased removal of what?
3. can cells adapt to mild ishemia?
4. what is a localized area of ishemic (coagulation) necrosis called?

Answer 12

1. reduced oxygen partial pressure in blood or tissue
2. ischemic hypoxia
3. oxygen
4. nutrients; cytotoxic metabolites
5. yes
6. infarction

Question 13

(Hypoxia)

1. decreased oxygen carrying capacity of blood
2. respitaroy insufficiency, high alitigde)
3. oxidative cellular metabolism is impaired (cyanide)
4. loack of glucose/substrate for oxidation

Answer 13

1. anemic hypoxia
2. hypoxemic hyposia
3. histiotoxic hypoxia
4. hypoglycemic hypoxia

Question 14

(Tissue sensitivity)

1. high
2. medium
3. low

Answer 14

neurons are more susceptible because they rely solely on oxygen

1. neurons
2. hepatocytes, cardiomyocytes, renal and intestinal epithelium
3. fibroblasts, keratinocytes, myocytes

Question 15

look at this slide through 172

Question 16

(Gross Lesions)

1. Organ swelling and pallor (with what?)
2. nomenclature: organ changes that are caused by degenerative changes end with what?
3. What is a diease that is caused by degenerate chagnes due to deranged cellular metabolism (eg metabolism dystrophy, fibrous osteodystrophy)

Answer 16

1. with enzyme leakage into blood stream
2. “-osis” (itis is inflammatory)
3. dystrophy (relative old term but still used)

Question 17

(Cell Swelling - the morphology)

1. cell is enlarged
2. what happens to nucleus?
3. Cytoplasm is what or what?
4. Swollen lysosomes, mitochondria or other swollen organelles is called what?
5. what is hydropic degeneration?

Answer 17

2. stays in normal position
3. pale or staining is altered (cloudy cytoplasm (cloudy swelling))
4. vacuolar degeneration
5. ballooning degeneration

Question 18

(Depletion of ATP/Decreased ATP synthesis)

1. common consequences of what?

2.

and just read the rest

Answer 18

1. hypoxic and toxic injury

Question 19

(List of cytomorphologic changes characteristic of irreversible cell injury)

1-4

Answer 19

1. PM damage
2. calcium entry into cell
3. mitochondrial swelling and vacuolization
4. lysozomal swelling

(reversbile to irreversible is a gradual change)

Question 20

(Mitochondrial Damage)

(two ways)

1. mitochondrial permeability transition causes what?
2. cytochrome c will be released triggering what?

Answer 20

1. opening on non-selective channels –> stuff leaks out –> necrosis (actually oncosis)
2. apoptosis (programmed cell death)

Question 21

(free radicals)

Question 22

(Damage)

1-4. what four things does calcium (increased cytosolic Ca++) activate?

Answer 22

1. ATPase (decreased ATP)
2. phospholipase (membrane damage)
3. proteases (membrane damage)
4. endonuclease (nucleus chromatin damage)

Question 23

(Free Radical Induced Injury (oxidative stress))

1. What are the reactive oxygen species?
2. what damage do they cause?

Answer 23

1. O2-, H2O2, OH-
2. membrane lipid peroxidation

Question 24

(Free radical induced injury)

(generation of free radicals)

1-4. What four things make these?

Answer 24

1. cellular metabolism (produced from cellular ox-red reactions)
2. enzymatic metabolism of exogenous compounds
3. ionizing radiation (hydrolyzes H2O into OH and H radicals)
4. divalent metals (Cu and Fe accept or donate free e’s)

Question 25

(Free radical induced injury) 1. free radicals are extremely unstable 2. react with organic or inorganic? 3. attack and degrae proteins, nucleic acids, and membrane molecules 4. cell injury occurs when what happens? 5. what are the protective mechanisms?

Answer 25

2. both 4. free radical generation overwhelms radical-scavenging defense mechanisms = oxidative stress 5. antioxidants, binding of iron and copper to proteins and protective enzymes

Question 26

(Free Radicals) 1-3. Cause damage to what three main sites?

Answer 26

1. membranes (instability - lipid peroxidation) 2. proteins (strucutral damage) 3. DNA (cause breaks in DNA)

Question 27

(Significance and Fate of Acute Cell Swelling) (very complex but several principles apply) 1-3. cellular response to injurious stimulus depends on what three things? 4-7. Consequenss of cell injury depend on what three things?

Answer 27

1. type of injury 2. duration 3. severity 4. type, state, adaptability (of the injued cell)

Question 28

Irreversible Ishemic INjruy 1. irreversible injury occurs if ischemia persists (critical transition point not know) 2-3. What two features characterize irreversibilit?

Answer 28

2. inability to reverse mitochondrial dysfunction 3. profound disturbanes of membrane dysfunction