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002 - Pathology - (01) - Cell Injury > (04) p136 > Flashcards

(04) p136 Flashcards

1
Q

(Dehydration)

read this..

  1. loss of sodium due to deficient sodium reabsorption of renal tubular epithelial cells in acute renal failure –> ?
  2. loss of water (but not of sodium) via kidney (Diabetes inspidius and diabetes mellitus) –> ?
  3. what are signs? in cows?
A
  1. hypotone dehydration
  2. hypertone dehydration (polydipsia)
  3. sunken eyes, dry skin; dry ruminal, reticular, omasal content - dry feces
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2
Q

(Hyperhydration)

  1. often “iatrogenic” (medical) - due to infusion of what?
  2. when rate of hydration with physiologic solution is higher than renal excretion
  3. due to increased sodium up-take or decreased sodium excretion in animals with renal insufficiency
  4. due to infustion with too much hypotone solution, decreased water excretion in animals with renal insufficiency
  5. leads to what?
A
  1. fluid
  2. isotone hyperhydration
  3. hypertone hyperhydration
  4. hypotone hyperhydration
  5. pulmonary edema, ascites (accumulation of fluid in abdominal cavity), hydrothorax, brain edema
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3
Q

(Living Causes of disease - parasites)

  1. parasitism (virus, bacteria, fungi)
  2. in stricter sense (protozoa, helminths, arthropods)
A
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4
Q

(cells)

  1. cells undergo adaptation to achieve homeostasis - which is what?
  2. when cells can’t maintain homeostasis what occurs?
A
  1. maintenance of conditions necessary for cell survival
  2. cell injury
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5
Q

(The normal cell)

  1. they are in a extracellular matrix

look at slides 149-154

A
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6
Q

cell injury

A
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7
Q

there is a time lapse after cell death in which you can detect stuff

A
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8
Q

(Highly vulnerable intracelluar system)

1-5. What five things are highly vulnerable?

A
  1. cell membranes
  2. aerobic respiration (mitochondria)
  3. protein synthesis (ER)
  4. genetic apparatus
  5. cytoskeleton
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9
Q

(Reversible Cell Injury - “cellular degeneration”)

  1. cell undergoing what changes as a result of the injury?
  2. If the damaging stimulus is removed in time - what occurs?
A
  1. functional and morphologic
  2. those changes resolve (if not fixed in time - get necrosis)
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10
Q

(Hallmarks of Reversible Cell Injury)

  1. REduced what?
  2. leads to depletion of what?
  3. what does cell do then? caused by what?
A
  1. oxidative phosphorylation
  2. ATP
  3. cellular swelling; changes in ion concentrationan and water influx
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11
Q

(Cellular Injury and Acute Cellular Swelling (cell edema))

(Cell swelling)

  1. disturbance of what?
  2. how common is it?
  3. increased cell size due to what?
  4. Failure of cell volume regulation is accompanied by what three things to organelles?
A
  1. cellular water balance
  2. the most common and fundamental expression of cell injury (due to mechanical, hypoxic, toxic, free radical, viral, bacterial, and immune mediated)
  3. overload of water (hyperhydration)
  4. swelling, modification, and degeneration of organelles
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12
Q

(Hypoxia, a common cause of cell injury)

  1. what is it?
  2. what is decreased circulation of tissue in terminal capillary bed?

(Ishcemic hypoxia)

  1. deficiency of what?
  2. decreased delivery of what? decreased removal of what?
  3. can cells adapt to mild ishemia?
  4. what is a localized area of ishemic (coagulation) necrosis called?
A
  1. reduced oxygen partial pressure in blood or tissue
  2. ischemic hypoxia
  3. oxygen
  4. nutrients; cytotoxic metabolites
  5. yes
  6. infarction
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13
Q

(Hypoxia)

  1. decreased oxygen carrying capacity of blood
  2. respitaroy insufficiency, high alitigde)
  3. oxidative cellular metabolism is impaired (cyanide)
  4. loack of glucose/substrate for oxidation
A
  1. anemic hypoxia
  2. hypoxemic hyposia
  3. histiotoxic hypoxia
  4. hypoglycemic hypoxia
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14
Q

(Tissue sensitivity)

  1. high
  2. medium
  3. low
A

neurons are more susceptible because they rely solely on oxygen

  1. neurons
  2. hepatocytes, cardiomyocytes, renal and intestinal epithelium
  3. fibroblasts, keratinocytes, myocytes
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15
Q

look at this slide through 172

A
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16
Q

(Gross Lesions)

  1. Organ swelling and pallor (with what?)
  2. nomenclature: organ changes that are caused by degenerative changes end with what?
  3. What is a diease that is caused by degenerate chagnes due to deranged cellular metabolism (eg metabolism dystrophy, fibrous osteodystrophy)
A
  1. with enzyme leakage into blood stream
  2. “-osis” (itis is inflammatory)
  3. dystrophy (relative old term but still used)
17
Q

(Cell Swelling - the morphology)

  1. cell is enlarged
  2. what happens to nucleus?
  3. Cytoplasm is what or what?
  4. Swollen lysosomes, mitochondria or other swollen organelles is called what?
  5. what is hydropic degeneration?
A
  1. stays in normal position
  2. pale or staining is altered (cloudy cytoplasm (cloudy swelling))
  3. vacuolar degeneration
  4. ballooning degeneration
18
Q

(Depletion of ATP/Decreased ATP synthesis)

  1. common consequences of what?

2.

and just read the rest

A
  1. hypoxic and toxic injury
19
Q

(List of cytomorphologic changes characteristic of irreversible cell injury)

1-4

A
  1. PM damage
  2. calcium entry into cell
  3. mitochondrial swelling and vacuolization
  4. lysozomal swelling

(reversbile to irreversible is a gradual change)

20
Q

(Mitochondrial Damage)

(two ways)

  1. mitochondrial permeability transition causes what?
  2. cytochrome c will be released triggering what?
A
  1. opening on non-selective channels –> stuff leaks out –> necrosis (actually oncosis)
  2. apoptosis (programmed cell death)
21
Q

(free radicals)

A
22
Q

(Damage)

1-4. what four things does calcium (increased cytosolic Ca++) activate?

A
  1. ATPase (decreased ATP)
  2. phospholipase (membrane damage)
  3. proteases (membrane damage)
  4. endonuclease (nucleus chromatin damage)
23
Q

(Free Radical Induced Injury (oxidative stress))

  1. What are the reactive oxygen species?
  2. what damage do they cause?
A
  1. O2-, H2O2, OH-
  2. membrane lipid peroxidation
24
Q

(Free radical induced injury)

(generation of free radicals)

1-4. What four things make these?

A
  1. cellular metabolism (produced from cellular ox-red reactions)
  2. enzymatic metabolism of exogenous compounds
  3. ionizing radiation (hydrolyzes H2O into OH and H radicals)
  4. divalent metals (Cu and Fe accept or donate free e’s)
25
Q

(Free radical induced injury)

  1. free radicals are extremely unstable
  2. react with organic or inorganic?
  3. attack and degrae proteins, nucleic acids, and membrane molecules
  4. cell injury occurs when what happens?
  5. what are the protective mechanisms?
A
  1. both
  2. free radical generation overwhelms radical-scavenging defense mechanisms = oxidative stress
  3. antioxidants, binding of iron and copper to proteins and protective enzymes
26
Q

(Free Radicals)

1-3. Cause damage to what three main sites?

A
  1. membranes (instability - lipid peroxidation)
  2. proteins (strucutral damage)
  3. DNA (cause breaks in DNA)
27
Q

(Significance and Fate of Acute Cell Swelling)

(very complex but several principles apply)

1-3. cellular response to injurious stimulus depends on what three things?

4-7. Consequenss of cell injury depend on what three things?

A
  1. type of injury
  2. duration
  3. severity
  4. type, state, adaptability (of the injued cell)
28
Q

Irreversible Ishemic INjruy

  1. irreversible injury occurs if ischemia persists (critical transition point not know)

2-3. What two features characterize irreversibilit?

A
  1. inability to reverse mitochondrial dysfunction
  2. profound disturbanes of membrane dysfunction

002 - Pathology - (01) - Cell Injury (8 decks)

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