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002 - 6120 - Vet Neurobiology > (08) Nociception II > Flashcards

(08) Nociception II Flashcards

1
Q

PUT THESE IN ORDER

(A) activation of intracellular second messengers

(B) Bind to bradykinin, prostaglandin receptors on nociceptors

(C) Nociceptors become more sensitive to thermal, chemical, mechanical stimuli

(D) Injury, inflammation, tissue damage

(E) Changes in selectivity of ion channels (sodium, calcium)

(F) Release of endogenous mediators - inflammatory soup (bradykinin, prostaglandins, etc)

A

D, F, B, A, E, C

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2
Q

(Central Sensitization)

  • Changes also occur in the ______ that contribute to the development of acute and chronic pain.

What do spinal cords nociceptive neurons exhibit following peripheral injury or inflammation?

Central sensitization if produced by what 4 thing that modulate the activation of neurons in the spinal cord?

How does this occur again?

A
  • spinal cord
  • increased excitability
    1. transmitters (glutamate), neuropeptides (substance P), growth factors (BDNF), mediators (prostaglandin E2)
  • acivating second messenger systems in spinal neurons leading to changes in ion channel specificity
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3
Q

Chronic pain is caused in part by what?

A
  • by changes in Gene Expression in peripheral nociceptive fibers (Abnormal sensitivity due to increased expression of TPRV1& sensory neuron specific (SNS) sodium channels)
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4
Q

(Key Concept 1)

Persistent Pain and Chronic pain are maintained by what?

  • What can this lead to?
  • In people with chronic pain - can this be caused in part by structural brain changes?
A
  • processes of peripheral and central sensitization
  • increased nociceptive input to the brain and also changes the processing of nociceptive info in the brain
  • yes
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5
Q

(THE ENDOGENOUS ANALGESIA (pain suppression) SYSTEM)

Potent analgesia can be produced by electrical stimulation of the what?

What can narcotic drugs (morphine), acupunture, certain types of hypnosis and electrical stimulation in certain regions of the brain activate?

A
  • the midbrain in freely moving animals
  • the endogenous analgesia system resulting in profound reduction in pain sensation
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6
Q

What are the three major components of the endogenous analgesia system?

A
  1. Midbrain Periaqueductal Gray (PAG)
  2. Nucleus Raphe Magnus
  3. Nucleus Locus Coeruleus
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7
Q

(Treat dogs with Resiniferatoxin)

Binds to what?

Does what?

Problem?

A
  • TRPV1 (capsaicin) receptor
  • kills spinal ganglion neurons that express TRPV1 (reduces pain)
  • causes fever
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8
Q

What are critical players in creating chronic pain states?

How?

A
  • Spinal cord glia
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9
Q

(Midbrain Periaqueductal Gray) (PAG)

  1. Surrounds?
  2. Contains?
  3. Direct connections with?
  4. Activation does what?
A
  1. mesencephalic aqueduct
  2. high density of opiate receptors
  3. spinal cord, locus coeruleus, nucleus raphe magnus
  4. activates a descending pathway that excites neurons in nucleus raphe magnus which inhibits sinothalamic and spinocervicothalamic neurons in spinal cord
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10
Q

(Nucleus Raphe Magnus)

  1. Located where?
  2. neurons contain high levels of what?
  3. Send their axons where and synapse on what?
  4. Release of serotonin causes what?
A
  1. the midline of the rostral medulla
  2. indoleamine neurotransmitter, serotonin
  3. spinal cord dorsal horn, synapse on projection neurons in marginal nucleus and nucleus proprius
  4. inhibition of pain transmission neurons in nuclei of dorsal horn
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11
Q

(Nucleus Locus Noeruleus)

  1. Located where?
  2. neurons here contain what?
  3. axons synapse where?
  4. Cause what?
A
  1. in the caudal pons near the floor of the fourth ventricle
  2. norepinephrine
  3. synapse on neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
  4. inhibition of pain transmission neurons
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12
Q

(Endogenous Pain Activation System)

Is there an endogenous pain activation system that enhances pain and appears to help maintain chronic pain status?

What region is involved in this?

A
  • yes
  • ventral medial medulla
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13
Q

What is a visual analog scale?

A
  • a scale that goes from 0 (no pain) - 100 mm (worst pain ever)
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14
Q

give this a glance

A

but learn this

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15
Q

What are the classes of pain medications?

There are five of them

A
  1. Local anesthetics (carbocaine, lidocaine, bupivacaine)-nerve blocks
  2. corticosteroids (prednisone)
  3. non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (aspirin, rimadyl, dercoxib oral, tepoxalin oral)
  4. Alpha2 agonists (xylazine, detomidine, medetomidine)
  5. Opiods (buprenex injectable (buprenorphine hydrocloride))
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16
Q

What happens in acupunture?

A
  • activate body’s endogenous pain modulatory systems - causes a release of norepinephrine, opioid substances and other neurotransmitters - thereby altering nocicptive processing and perception

002 - 6120 - Vet Neurobiology (23 decks)

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