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002 - 6120 - Vet Neurobiology > (07) Nociception > Flashcards

(07) Nociception Flashcards

1
Q

What is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage?

A

pain

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2
Q

What is a primary afferent neuron that is preferentially sensitive to a noxious stimulus?

A
  • nociceptor
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3
Q

What is the detection of tissue damage by specialized transducers (nociceptors) attached to “A delta” and “C” peripheral nerve fibers?

Does is refer to production of emotional or other types of response to the noxious stimulus?

A
  • nociception
  • no
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4
Q

What does Algesic mean?

Analgesic?

A
  • pain producing
  • pain preventing
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5
Q

What is increased pain sensation elicited by a noxious stimulus (bump an injured toe)?

A
  • hyperalgesia
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6
Q

What is a pathological condition in which pain is produced by a stimulus that is normally innocuous (sunburn)?

A
  • Allodynia
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7
Q

Look at this for a spell

A
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8
Q

Tissue damage, injury or inflammation causes the tissue area to be more sensitive to what?

What does this lead to?

So can just touching the area around an incision be painful?

A
  • both innocuous and noxious stimuli
  • increased pain sensation
  • yes
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9
Q

What are the four ways you can recognize pain in animals?

A
  1. situational evidence (recent injury)
  2. behavioral responses
  3. physiological changes (altered autonomic function)
  4. Biochemical changes (cortisol or adrenaline in blood)
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10
Q
A

(1) nociceptor
(2) first-order neuron (spinal ganglion)
(3) Second order neuron (spinal cord)
(4) Third-order neuron (thalamus)

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11
Q

Pain or nociception is initiated when what occurs?

What three things activate sensory neurons?

What is the broad term for this?

(nociceptors) Pain receptors = ?

A
  • when the peripheral terminals (receptors) of a subgroup of sensory neurons (nociceptors) are activated
  • noxious chemical, mechanical, or thermal stimuli
  • Peripheral transmission
  • free nerve endings
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12
Q

Damage to tissue causes the release of what?

What are some examples of these?

What do these do?

What (3 things) is sensitization seen as?

A
  • large number of mediators that activate nociceptor nerve endings.
  • ATP (from damaged cells), bradykinin (from blood), PGE2, NGF
  • increase sensitivy, make nociceptors much more sensitive
    1. A reduction in the threshold for activation
  1. An increase in response to a given stimulus, and/or
  2. The appearance of spontaneous activity.
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13
Q

What does the TRPV1receptor measure?

A
  • heat
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14
Q

What is the progression to hyperalgesia - starting with inflammatory mediators?

A

Inflammatory mediators–>
Receptors on nociceptors –>
Second messenger systems–>
Sensitization–> Hyperalgesia

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15
Q

How does the release of mediators increase sensitivity?

What do activated pain terminals do once they have been activated?

A
  • activate pain terminals by increasing conductance of sodium (gNA) or calcium (gCa) channels
  • or by activating second messenger systems(adenylate cyclase, AC)
  • conduct electrical signal to spinal cord
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16
Q

What effect does tissue damage or repetition of a noxious stimulus have on nociceptors?

What does this reduce?

What does this lead to?

This is the mechanism that underlies what?

A
  • sensitizes them
  • their threshold for activation
  • increase in response to stimulus or development of spontaneous activity
  • hyperalgesia
17
Q

Where do peripheral nociceptors have their cell body (or soma)?

What does the cell body give rise to (2 things + what they do)?

A
  • in a spinal or a cranial nerve ganglia
    1. peripheral process (or primary afferent axon) - innervates skin, muscle, viscera, etc as a free nerve ending
    2. central process - terminates in spinal cord dorsal horn or in brain stem
18
Q

Two types of axons that transmit noxious information from nociceptive receptors

A
  1. A-delta fibers
  2. C-fibers
19
Q

A-delta fibers vs. C-fibers

myelination

conduction speed

1st or second pain

A

lightly myelinated – non-myelinated

2-30 M/sec – less than 2 M/sec

1st pain – 2nd pain

20
Q

(Primary Response Characteristics)

  • what will things that are progressively more painful lead to?
  • Does receptor stop firing right when painful stimulus is over?
  • The more action potentials there are…
A
  • more action potential (from pain receptors) being fired
  • no it keeps going for a spell
  • the more it hurts
21
Q

Give me the order of central transmission

A

Primary afferent axons -> the spinal cord dorsal horn (marginal nucleus or nucleus proprius) -> thalamus -> cerebral cortex

22
Q

Pain sensation is conveyed from the spinal cord by several central nervous system pathways - what are the two most important in animals?

A
  1. Spinothalamic pathway
  2. Spinocervicothalamic pathway
23
Q

What pathway is considered to be the major pain relay system in mammals?

A
  • spinothalamic pathway
24
Q

(SPINOTHALAMIC PATHWAY)

(1st order neuron)

cell body location?

peripheral process associated with?

central process enters what to synapse in what?

(2nd order neuron)

cell body location?

axons cross midline (decussate) and join what?

What do these axons form?

axons travel through what to terminate in what?

What do they synapse on?

(third order neurons)

Axons terminating in lateral thalamus mediate?

in the medial thalamus?

3rd order neurons in thalamus send their axons where?

A

(1st order neuron)

  • spinal (dorsal root) ganglion
  • receptor
  • enters gray matter of the cod to synapse in the marginal nucleus (lamina I), substantia gelatinosa (lamina II), and deeper laminae.

(2nd order neuron)

  • in marginal nucleus and nucleus propius
  • other axons that also carry pain sensation
  • Spinothalamic tract (in ventral part of lateral funiculus)
  • through brain stem to terminate in thalamus
  • synapse on 3rd order neurons in thalamus

(third order neurons)

  • discriminative aspects of pain
  • motivational-affective aspects of pain (relationship between emotion and pain)
  • the cerebral cortex
25
Q

What is the crucial relay for the reception and processing of nocicpetive information en route to the cortex?

A
  • the thalamus
26
Q

An animal becomes of aware of painful stimuli at the level of the what?

What is required for localization of the pain to a specific body region?

A
  • the thalamus
  • the cerebral cortex
27
Q

Spinocervicothalamic (Spinocervical Pathways) difference in species

How does it differ from the spinothalamic pathway?

A
  • equally important role (vs spinothalamic pathway) in carnivores - less developed in humans and other domestic animals
  • Has an additional neuron located in the lateral cervical nucleus and the pathway corsses at the level of the rostral spinal cord/lower brainstem
28
Q

(Spinocervicothalamic)

A. Receptors?

B. First order neurons?

C. 2nd order neurons?

D. Axons of these 2nd order neurons ascend _______ to the __________ to synapse on third order neurons located in the ______.

E. Axons from 3rd order neurons in lateral cervical nucleus corss the midline and ascend to where where they terminate on what?

F. The axons of 4th order neurons project to what area of what?

A

A. free nerve endings

B. dorsal root ganglion

C. marginal nucleus or nucleus proprius

D. ipsilaterally, upper cervical spinal cord, lateral cervical nucleus

E. ascend to contralateral thalamus where they terminate on 4th order neurons.

F. project to somatosensory area of cerebral cortex

29
Q

What is the major difference between the spinocervical pathway (4 neuron pathway) and the spinothalamic pathway (3 neuron pathway)?

A
  • the presence of an additional neuron (located in the Lateral Cervical Nucleus of the cervical spinal cord) in the pathway

002 - 6120 - Vet Neurobiology (23 decks)

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