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002 - 6120 - Vet Neurobiology > (01) Introduction > Flashcards

(01) Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the body’s most complex organ?

A
  • The Brain
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2
Q

How many neurons are found in the mammalian brain? Are they all in use?

A
  • billions - yes
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3
Q

What do sensory circuits (sight, touch, hearing, smell, taste) do?

A
  • bring info to the nervous system to make the animal aware of the environment
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4
Q

What do motor circuits do?

A
  • send info from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands to produce a response (movement or secretion)
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5
Q

The principles of the neurological examination are based on what?

A
  • knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
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6
Q

What does the nervous system include?

A

brain, spinal cord, and all the nerves that communicate between tissues and the brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

What two types of cells comprise the peripheral and central nervous system?

A
  • neurons and glia
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8
Q

What are the specialized cells of nervous tissue that can conduct electrical signals and transmit information from one part of the nervous system to another or to peripheral targets such as muscle?

A
  • neurons
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9
Q

What are the supporting cells of the nervous system?

A
  • glia (have a broad range of functions that will be learned later)
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10
Q

What types of signals do neurons use to communicate? What are action potentials? What are synapses?

A
  • electrical and chemical - electrical signals carried along the axons of neurons - chemical or electrical junctions that allow electrical signals to pass from one neuron to the next or to a target cell like muscle
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11
Q

What is the central nervous system composed of? What is it housed in?

A
  • the brain and spinal cord - cranial cavity and vertebral canal
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12
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system composed of?

A
  • ganglia and peripheral nerves that lie outside the brain and spinal cord
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13
Q

What does an understanding of the differences between the PNS and CNS help us with?

A
  • clinical diagnosis of neurological disease or injury
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14
Q

What is the largest part of the brain? What does it control? What are three more things that is does? What parts is it divided into?

A
  • cerebrum - learning and behavior - involved in interpreting sensation, gives an animal its personality and is associated with higher level functions - frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital (based on areas beneath calvaria)
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15
Q

Blue

A

Frontal Lobe of cerebrum

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16
Q

Red

A

Parietal Lobe of Cerebrum

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17
Q

Orange

A

Occipital

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18
Q

Green

A

Temporal Lobe of Cerebrum

19
Q

What does the brain stem connect? What is it responsible for? Where is the approximate division between the brain stem and the spinal cord?

A
  • the brain to the spinal cord
  • basic functions of life including heart rate, breathing and swallowing
  • at the foramen magnum
20
Q

What are the 4 major parts of the brain stem?

A
  • Diencephalon, Midbrain, Pons, Medulla
21
Q

What is the most rostral portion of the brain stem called? What is its function?

A
  • the diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, etc.)
  • Coordinates and regulates all functional activity of the cerebral cortex; integration center of the autonomic nervous system; vision, hearing
22
Q

What are the clinical signs of damage to the diencephalon?

A
  • altered levels of conciousness, endocrinopathies, behavioral abnormalities, disorders of thirst, appetite and temperature regulation
23
Q

What part of the spinal cord is located between the pons caudally and the diencephalons rostrally? What cranials nerves does it serve as a site of exit for?

A
  • midbrain
  • cranial nerves 3 & 4
24
Q

What are the functions of the midbrain?

A
  • visual reflexes, hearing reflexes, eye movement, body movement
25
Q

What are clinical signs of damage to the midbrain?

A

decreased state of conciousness, loss of papillary light reflex, pupils dilated, extensor rigidity in all 4 limbs; contralateral paralysis or weakness with unilateral lesions

26
Q

What part of the spinal cord is located between the medulla and the midbrain (just underneath the cerebellum)? What are its functions?

A
  • The Pons
  • Gives rise to the trigeminal nerve and thus controls jaw opening and receives sensation from the head and face. It also has parts that are important for the level of conciousness and for sleep
27
Q

What are clinical signs of damage to the pons?

A

Hopping and placing deficits, muscle atrophy of the head, loss of facial sensation, vital sign changes

28
Q

What forms the most caudal part of the brain stem and is located between the spinal cord and the pons? What are its functions? Which nerves exit from it?

A
  • Medulla
  • maintaining vital body functions (breathing and heart rate), pain modulation
  • Several cranial nerves
29
Q

What are clinical signs of damage to the medulla?

A
  • head tilt, facial paralysis, difficulty swallowing, atrophy of the tongue, regurgitation, vital sign changes, vestibular signs, nystagmus
30
Q

What is the structure located dorsal to the pons and medulla and connected to these structures by the cerebellar peduncles? Was is its function?

A
  • the cerebellum
  • processes input from other areas of the brain, spinal cord and sensory receptors to provide precise timing for coordinated, smooth movements of the skeletal muscular system
31
Q

What are clinical signs following damage to the cerebellum?

A
  • ataxia (lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements) of all four limbs and head, intention tremors, vestibular signs
32
Q

What forms the caudal part of the CNS (also the most important part of the CNS from a veterinary clinical standpoint)? What are its functions?

A
  • the spinal cord
  • Connects much of PNS to brain, sensory info (nerve impulses) reaching the spinal cord primary afferent nuerons is transmitted to higher brain regions - signals arising in the motor areas of the brain travel back down to the cord to affect motor neurons and influence muscle contraction
33
Q

What are clinical signs of damage to the spinal cord?

A
  • CERVICAL/UPPER THORACIC - ataxia; tetraparesis; ipsilateral hemiplegia; hopping, placing and proprioceptive deficits; hyperactive spinal reflexes; neck pain
  • LUMBOSACRAL - ataxia rear limbs, paraparesis, hopping, placing and proprioceptive deficits, depressed or absent rear limb spinal reflexes, deep pain alterations
34
Q

Is each part of the CNS anatomically distinct? What does this mean?

A
  • yes
  • damage to different brain regions will result in different deficits and clinical signs
35
Q

Both the spinal cord and brain consist of what type of matter?

A
  • white matter and grey matter
36
Q

What is white matter? Why does it look white?

A
  • bundles of axons (may have a myelin covering which gives white appearance in dissected brain)
37
Q

What is grey matter comprised of?

A
  • neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and glial cells
38
Q

How is matter arranged in spinal cord? How about the brain of mammals? Brain of lower vertebrates (fish and amphibians)?

A
  • white matter at the surface, gray matter inside
  • grey matter at the surface, white matter inside
  • White matter on outside (surface), gray matter inside
39
Q

green

A

diencephalon

40
Q

red

A

midbrain

41
Q

blue

A
42
Q

orange

A

medulla

43
Q

red and blue

A
  • white and gray
44
Q

red and blue

A

white and grey

002 - 6120 - Vet Neurobiology (23 decks)

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