08 - Environmental and Nutritional pathology

Question 1

Identify: most important cause of accidental and suicidal death:

Answer 1

carbon monoxide poisoning

Question 2

most readily preventable cause of death in humans:

Answer 2

tobacco smoking

Question 3

Most commonly abused substance:

Answer 3

alcohol

Question 4

Enumerate (3): most common causes of infection in burn patients:

Answer 4

• Pseudomonas aeruginosa
• MRSA
• Candida

Question 5

Most common type of hyperthermia syndrome:

Answer 5

heat exhaustion

Question 6

Highest death rate of any psychiatric disease:

Answer 6

Anorexia nervosa

Question 7

Identify: best measure of obesity:

Answer 7

BMI

Question 8

Organ mostly affected in air pollution.

Answer 8

Respiratory (lungs)

Question 9

Size of particles in soot that are more deleterious to health.

Answer 9

Fine or ultrafine particles (<10 um)

Question 10

Systemic asphyxiant; important cause of accidental and suicidal death; non-irritating colorless and odorless gas; also present in cigarette smoke; clinically characterized by cherry-red discoloration of skin and mucous membranes.

Answer 10

CO

Question 11

CO saturation where systemic hypoxia occurs.

Answer 11

20-30%

Question 12

CO saturation where coma and death occurs.

Answer 12

60-70%

Question 13

Microcytic hypochromic anemia, involvement of CNS (more common in children), and PNS (more common in adults), and skeletal system are manifestations of poisoning with this heavy metal.

Answer 13

Lead

Question 14

Primary targets of mercury poisoning.

Answer 14

Kidney and CNS

Question 15

Forms of mercury that are more associated with CNS damage due to their lipophilic properties.

Answer 15

Metallic and organic

Question 16

Poison of king, King of poisons; targets are CVS, GIT and CNS; trivalent compounds are usually toxic; and can cause lung, bladder and skin cancers.

Answer 16

Arsenic

Question 17

Heavy metal that is preferentially toxic to kidneys; primary targets are lungs and bones; associated with Itai-Itai disease.

Answer 17

Cadmium

Question 18

Most readily preventable cause of death in humans.

Answer 18

Smoking

Question 19

Addictive substance in tobacco smoke.

Answer 19

Nicotine

Question 20

Most commonly abused substance.

Answer 20

Alcohol

Question 21

Organs systems most affected in acute alcohol intoxication.

Answer 21

CNS, GIT and liver

Question 22

Most common thermal injury; most common causes are fire and scalding.

Answer 22

Thermal burns

Question 23

Common causes of death in burn patients.

Answer 23

Shock, sepsis and respiratory insufficiency

Question 24

Most common hyperthermia syndrome.

Answer 24

Heat exhaustion

Question 25

Two forms of injury caused by electrical injury.

Answer 25

Cardiac/neurologic (arrhythmias and cardiac and respiratory failure), and burns

Question 26

Clinical consequences of ionizing radiation.

Answer 26

Cell death, teratogenesis, and carcinogenesis

Question 27

PEM caused by a decrease in both protein and calorie intake, and weight falls below 60% of normal for sex, height and age. Serum albumin is normal or slightly reduced.

Answer 27

Marasmus

Question 28

PEM, which occurs when protein deprivation is relatively greater than reduction in total calories; associated with generalized edema (due to hypoalbuminemia), flaky paint appearance of the skin, alternating bands of pale and dark hair, enlarged fatty liver, apathy, listlessness and loss of appetite; there is also mucosal atrophy and loss of villi in the small bowel (Making them lactose intolerant initially).

Answer 28

Kwashiorkor

Question 29

Self-induced starvation, resulting in marked weight loss; has the highest death rate of any psychiatric disorder.

Answer 29

Anorexia nervosa

Question 30

A condition wherein a patient binges on food and then induces vomiting; more common than anorexia nervosa.

Answer 30

Bulimia

Question 31

Deficiency of this vitamin causes night blindness, xerophthalmia, keratomalacia, Bitot spots, and eventually, corneal ulceration.

Answer 31

Vitamin A

Question 32

Condition in children as result of vitamin D deficiency causing the following signs and symptoms: Craniotabes (parietal bones buckle inward with pressure), frontal bossing of the head, rachitic rosary, pigeon breast deformity, lumbar lordosis, and bow legs.

Answer 32

Rickets

Question 33

Deficieny of this vitamin causes impaired collagen formation, leading to gum bleeding, easy bruisability, and impaired wound healing.

Answer 33

Vitamin C

Question 34

Deficiency of this vitamin leads to rickets and osteomalacia.

Answer 34

Vitamin D

Question 35

Symptoms of cheilosis, stomatitis, glossitis, dermatitis, and corneal vascularization results from deficiency of this vitamin.

Answer 35

Vitamin B2 deficiency

Question 36

Symptoms of cheilosis, glossitis, dermatitis, and peripheral neuropathy.

Answer 36

Vitamin B6 deficiency

Question 37

Deficiency of this trace element leads to a condition, characterized by periorificial distribution of lesions, called acrodermatitis enteropathica.

Answer 37

Zinc