06a: Cholesterol Flashcards
Desirable total cholesterol level.
Under 200 mg/dL blood
“High” total cholesterol level.
Over 240 mg/dL blood
Cholesterol is (consumed/synthesized).
Both
Cholesterol, a (polar/nonpolar) molecule, biosynthesis occurs in (X) cells.
Amphipathic
X = all
Rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis is conversion of (X) to (Y), carried out by (Z).
X = HMG CoA Y = mevalonate Z = HMG CoA reductase
Regulation of cholesterol synthesis can be controlled by changing (amount/activity) of (X) enzyme.
Both/either;
X = HMG CoA Reductase
SREBP-SCAP, aka (X), up-regulation of cholesterol does so by eventually (increasing/decreasing) (Y).
X = Sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) cleavage activating protein;
Increasing;
Y = transcription of HMG CoA reductase
Up-regulation of cholesterol: (X) moves from (ER/Golgi) to (ER/Golgi), where (Y) undergoes proteolytic cleavage.
X = SREPB-SCAP
ER to Golgi;
Y = SREBP
Up-regulation of cholesterol: In (ER/Golgi), (X) is proteolytically cleaved to release (Y), which then does what?
Golgi;
X = SREBP
Y = DNA binding domain
Binds to SRE in nucleus and enhances HMG CoA reductase transcription
(Up/down)-regulation of cholesterol: SREBP-SCAP is maintained in (Y) location via (Z).
Down-regulation
Y = ER
Z = interaction with Insig (membrane protein)
Down-regulation of cholesterol: (X) binds (Y) to facilitate its interaction with Insig.
X = cholesterol Y = SCAP
Cholesterol can be up-regulated by (X) hormones and down-regulated by (Y) hormones.
X = insulin and thyroxine Y = glucagon and glucocorticoids
Under (low/high) cholesterol conditions, (X) enzyme can bind to (Y), leading to ubiquination and proteosomal degradation of enzyme.
High;
X = HMG CoA reductase
Y = Insig
Under high cholesterol conditions, (phosphorylation/dephosphorylation) of (X) by (Y) will (activate/inactivate) it.
Phosphorylation;
X = HMG CoA Reductase
Y = AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase)
Inactivate
The action of statins is (X). The (raised/lower) intracellular cholesterol levels then causes (increase/decrease) expression of (Y) receptors.
X = inhibit HMG CoA reductase (lowering synthesis of cholesterol)
Lower;
Increase;
Y = LDL
Statins cause (increase/decrease) expression of LDL receptors. This is to allow (increase/decrease) cellular uptake of (X).
Increase;
Increase;
X = LDL (and thus cholesterol from extracellular sources)
Cholesterol is metabolized in body by (X) enzyme.
Cannot be metabolized! Only eliminated
Cholesterol is eliminated from body in which way(s)?
- Conversion to bile acids and bile salts (to feces)
2. Solubilized into bile (to intestine)
Bile (acids/salts) can be made into bile (acids/salts) by adding (X). Where does this occur?
Acids; salts
X = glycine or taurine
Liver
Bile (salts/acids) are secreted into bile, contains (organic/inorganic) compounds.
Salts only
Both
About (X)% of bile salts and acids are lost in fecal excretion daily. Where does the rest go?
X = 3 (0.5g);
Efficiently reabsorbed/reused
The (X) number of carbons of cholesterol are derived from (Y). And reducing equivalents provided by (Z).
X = 27; Y = Acetyl CoA Z = NADPH
Cholesterol: (X) is the membrane component and (Y) is the storage/transport form.
X = free cholesterol Y = cholesteryl ester
ACAT enzyme, aka (X), converts cholesterol to (Y).
X = Acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase; Y = cholesteryl ester