02: Histology Flashcards by Nuna H

List tissue layers of heart wall, from inner to outer.

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium

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T/F: myocardium is highly vascularized.

True

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Lipofuscin is a(n) (X) that’s found in (Y) of heart.

X = age pigment (brownish/yellow)
Y = sarcoplasmic cone of myocytes

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Cardiac myocytes are bound together by delicate (X) tissue matrix.

X = reticular

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External heart layer, the (X), is a (low/high)-friction surface. What are the tissue layers it contains?

X = epicardium
Low;

Mesothelium
Fibroelastic CT (visceral peridcardium)

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Coronary vessels travel in which specific tissue layer of heart?

Subepicardial areolar CT

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Serous membrane surrounding heart consists of which layers?

Visceral pericardium

2. Parietal pericardium

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Purkinje fibers found in which specific tissue layer of heart?

Subendocardial loose CT (of ventricles)

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Purkinje fibers are distinguishable from other myocytes by which characteristics?

Enlarged size
Reduced packing of darkly-stained fibrils (pushed to periphery)
High content of glycogen in middle

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As distance from heart increases, amount of elastic material in (X) (increases/decreases).

X = tunica media

Decreases

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Unlike (elastic/muscular) arteries, (elastic/muscular) arteries contain (X) fibers in the tunica (Y).

Elastic;
Muscular;
X = elastic
Y = adventitia

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Function of elastic arteries is (X), whereas that of muscular arteries is (Y).

X = conduction
Y = distribution

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Range of lamellar units in elastic arteries. And in muscular arteries.

Elastic: 40-60
Muscular (large): 20-40
Muscular (small): 3-20

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List the vessels in which you’d expect to find internal elastic lamina, between tunica (X) and (Y).

X = intima;
Y = media

Primarily muscular arteries and arterioles; also in some large veins

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List the vessels in which you’d expect to find external elastic lamina, between tunica (X) and (Y).

X = media
Y = adventitia

ONLY in largest muscular arteries

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Tunica (X) of (Y) vessels may contain many small blood vessels and peripheral nerves. What are the formal names for these?

X = adventitia
Y = elastic and muscular arteries

Vasa vasorum and nervi vascularis

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Arterioles contain how many layers of smooth muscle cells?

3 or less

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Capillaries contain which tissue types in tunica intima, media, and adventitia?

Intima: endothelium

No tunica media and adventitia!

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Functions of venules.

Exchange and capacitance

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Functions of veins.

Capacitance and returning

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T/F: veins and venules have no smooth muscle.

False - venules typically dont, but veins have 1-12 layers

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T/F: endothelium lines the entire CV system.

True

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The cardiac skeleton is composed of (X) tissue. It anchors (Y).

X = dense fibrous CT
Y = valves and muscle cells

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The cardiac skeleton provides a generally impermeable boundary to (X) between (Y) and (Z).

X = electrical signals;
Y = atria
Z = ventricles

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List the three major components of cardiac skeleton.

1. Annuli fibrosae (four rings of dense CT) 2. Trigona fibrosa (two triangular masses of CT) 3. Septum membranaceum (dense fibrous plate)

Annuli fibrosae: how many? What's their function?

4 rings; surround and reinforce valve openings

Part of cardiac skeleton that forms superior portion of interventricular septum.

Septum membranaceum

Vein valves are formed from tunica (X).

X = intima

Each heart valve is a fold of (X), with (rigid/flexible) core of (Y).

X = endocardium Flexible; Y = dense CT

Scarring of valves causes them to become less (X). Thus, they don't (close/open) properly.

X = elastic Close (incompetence) or open (stenosis)

"Pacemaker" of heart, (X), is located on (Y) wall/floor of which chamber?

X = SA node Y = medial wall RA

Impulses from SA node travel to (X), located in which part of heart?

X = AV node Interatrial septum

Impulses from AV node travel to (X), located in which part of heart?

X = atrioventricular bundle of His Passes into interventricular septum

Bundle branches (one for each ventricle) form from splitting of (X). These bundles then split to form (Y).

``` X = atrioventricular bundle of His Y = Purkinje fibers ```

(Elastic/muscular) arteries are the largest of the body. They function to provide driving pressure by means of (X) characteristic.

Elastic; | X = elastic recoil

Portal system is a double (X), separated by (Y). List some places in body where you'd find portal system.

``` X = capillary system Y = artery or vein ``` Liver, pituitary, kidney

T/F: Veins have more elastic walls than arteries.

False

T/F: Veins have more flexible walls than arteries.

True

T/F: Veins are more numerous than arteries.

True

Some veins, like vena cava, have prominent longitudinal bundles of smooth muscle in tunica (X).

X = adventitia

The richness of capillary network is related to which characteristic of the tissue?

Metabolic activity

You'd expect to have higher capillary density in (dermis/myocardium).

Myocardium (2000 versus 50 in dermis)

There's about (X)% of body's blood in capillaries at one time.

X = 5-8

List the three basic types of capillaries. Star the most common type.

1. Continuous* 2. Fenestrated 3. Sinusoid

The (X) cells of continuous capillaries are joined to each other by (Y).

``` X = endothelial Y = intercellular (tight) junctions ```

A characteristic of (X) vessels is caveolae, which are (Y) that function in (Z).

``` X = continuous capillaries Y = micropinocytotic vesicles Z = transendothelial transport ```

Blood-brain barrier and blood-thymus barrier are formed from which specialized vessels?

Continuous capillaries

(X) vessel wall may contain pericytes. These are (Y)-derived (Z) cells.

``` X = continuous and fenestrated capillaries Y = mesenchyme Z = stem ```

(X) type of capillaries present in tissue where rapid/voluminous interchange of substances between tissue and (Y) is important.

``` X = fenesterated Y = blood ```

Most diagnostic feature of (X) capillaries is the unusually large lumen.

X = sinusoid

(X) type of capillaries allow blood to communicate directly with surrounding parenchyma.

X = sinusoid

Glomeruli of kidney have which type of capillaries?

Fenestrated

CNS and lungs have which type of capillaries?

Continuous

Liver has (continuous/discontinuous) (X) type of capillaries.

Discontinuous; | X = sinusoid

Exocrine glands have which type of capillaries?

Fenestrated

Bone marrow and lymph node have which type of capillaries?

Sinusoid

Endocrine glands have which type of capillaries?

Fenestrated and sinusoid

T/F: Lymphatic capillaries have fenestrations.

Only lacteals

Basement membrane is well-developed, continuous in (X) capillaries and scanty/absent in (Y) capillaries.

``` X = continuous and fenestrated Y = sinusoid and lymphatic ```

T/F: In general, most capillaries have intercellular spaces.

False - but may be present in liver

Which types of capillaries contain intercellular junctions?

1. Continuous and fenestrated | 2. Sinusoid (only if continuous)