04a: Embryology Flashcards by Nuna H

CVS begins to develop in week (X). (Y) cells migrate through (Z).

X = 3
Y = progenitor heart
Z = primitive streak

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CVS development: Progenitor heart cells migrate through (X) and into (Y). This forms (Z), the first heart field.

X = primitive streak
Y = (splanchnic) lateral plate mesoderm
Z = cardiac crescent (cardiogenic region)

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The first heart field, aka (X), is (Y)-shaped and forms (rostral/caudal) and (above/below) which key structures?

X = cardiac crescent (or cardiogenic region)
Y = crescent

Rostral to neural fold; Above oropharyngeal membrane

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During body folding, the (cranial/caudal) portion of first heart field is pulled in (X) direction, to lie below (Y).

Cranial;
X = caudally and ventrally;
Y = foregut

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CVS development: It’s during (X) process that R/L sides of first heart field fuse. (Y), key vascular elements (medial/lateral) to first heart field also fuse and form (Z).

X = lateral body folding;
Y = endocardial tubes (L and R)
Within heart field;
Z = primary heart tube

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Endocardial heart tubes are immediately surrounded by:

Cardiac jelly

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The heart, during formation, is an expanded tube of inner (X) tissue and outer (Y) tissue. The two layers are separated by (Z).

X = endothelial
Y = myocardial
Z = cardiac jelly

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List the sources of cells for developing heart.

Primary and secondary heart fields
Cardiac neural (crest) cells
Proepicardial organ

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CVS development: The (X) is formed from migrating cells derived from proepicardial organ, found in region of (Y). The cells migrate and cover the entire (Z).

X = epicardium
Y = sinus venosus
Z = myocardium

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Coronary vessels form from (X) during CVS development.

X = proepicardial sprouts

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Cardiac tube takes shape in (X) week, when it undergoes (Y) process and loses symmetry.

X = end of 3rd week
Y = dextral looping

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Fetal circulation: (X) vessel carries oxygenated blood from (Y) to fetus.

X = umbilical vein
Y = placenta

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Fetal circulation: most oxygenated blood from placenta flows directly from umbilical (artery/vein) to (X) via which shortcut?

Vein;
X = IVC
Ductus venosus (in liver)

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Fetal circulation: blood travels from IVC to (X) and then most of that blood passes through (Y) into (Z).

X = RA
Y = foramen ovale
Z = LA

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Fetal circulation: Blood from LA primarily came from (X) and then goes to (Y).

X = RA (through foramen ovale)
Y = aorta

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The ductus arteriosus connects (X) to (Y).

X = pulmonary artery
Y = descending aorta

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Fetal circulation: The (X) shortcut allows blood from (Y) to bypass fluid-filled and non-functional lungs.

X = ductus arteriosus
Y = RV

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Heart partitioning: Septa (walls) will form in which space(s)?

AV canal
Outflow tract
Primitive atrium and ventricle

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T/F: Events in partitioning of heart happen sequentially.

False - simultaneously

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Heart partitioning: development of which structures is critical for AV canal septation?

Endocardial cushions

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Heart partitioning: endocardial cushions form in (X) space(s) as expansions of (Y). Which tissue layers are separated from each other?

X = AV canal and outflow tract
Y = ECM (cardiac jelly)

Endothelium and myocardium

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Heart partitioning: in AV canal, endocardial cushions form from cells derived from (X).

X = endocardium

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Heart partitioning: EMT (epithelial to mesenchyme transformation) is seen in formation of (X) structures in (Y) space.

X = endocardial cushions
Y = AV canal

Heart partitioning: in outflow tract, endocardial cushions form from cells derived from (X).

X = neural crest cells

Heart partitioning: Endocardial cushions also serve as primitive (X).

X = valves

Heart partitioning: during AV valve formation, (X) hollows out tissue on (atrial/ventricular) surface of (Y).

X = blood flow Ventricular; Y = endocardial cushions

AV valve formation: the valve leaflets are derived from (X) along with some (Y)-derived cells.

``` X = endocardial cushion tissue Y = epicardium ```

AV valve formation: valves are covered by (X) tissue and connected to (Y) muscles by (Z).

``` X = endocardium/endothelium Y = papillary Z = chordae tendinae (fibrous CT) ```

AV valve formation: the structures are sculpted from (X) walls of (atria/ventricles).

X = muscular; | Ventricles

When (dorsal/ventral/medial/lateral) endocardial cushions fuse, what spaces have formed?

Dorsal (inferior) and ventral (superior); | L and R AV canals

Primitive ventricle becomes (X) in adult.

X = LV

Adult atrial septum formation has contribution from fusion of (1/2/3) embryonic septa. List them.

2; 1. Primary (septum primium) 2. Secondary (septum secundum)

Adult atrial septum formation has contribution from (1/2/3) foramen. List them

2; 1. Primary (ostium primum) 2. Secondary (ostium secundum)

Septation of atria: Septum primium forms on (ventral/dorsal/medial/lateral) surface of (Y) space and grows toward (Z).

Dorsal; Y = atrial chamber Z = AV canal

Septation of atria: the foramen primium is the space between (X) and (Y).

``` X = caudal edge of septum primium Y = endocardial cushions ```

Septation of atria: what's the function of the foramen primium?

Shunt (RA to LA)

T/F: In septation of atria, foramen secundum forms immediately after obliteration of foramen primium.

False - before obliteration

Septation of atria: foramen secundum forms as a result of (X) in (Y) structure.

``` X = small ruptures Y = septum primium ```

Septation of atria: what's the mesenchymal cap?

Edge of septum primium, growing towards endocardial cushions

Septation of atria: septum secundum is (thicker/thinner) than septum primium and forms to the (R/L).

Thicker; R

Septation of atria: foramen primium is filled/closed when..

Septum primium (its dorsal mesenchymal cap) and dorsal mesenchymal protrusion fuse with AV endocardial cushions

Septation of atria: septum secundum is completely closed when...

It's not! Leaves opening (foramen ovale)

Fetal circulation: blood entering RA and primarily passing to LA passes through which two openings?

1. Foramen ovale | 2. Foramen secundum

Septation of atria: the valve of (X) opening in secondary septum is actually a portion of (Y).

``` X = foramen ovale Y = primary septum ```

After birth, a (rise/fall) in (X) of (Y) chamber will result in closing of foramen ovale by (Z).

Fall; X = P Y = RA Z = valve (primary septum) of foramen ovale presses against opening (secondary septum)

Partitioning of outflow tract: migration of (X) through (Y), to reach developing heart, is critical.

``` X = neural crest cells Y = pharyngeal apparatus ```

Partitioning of outflow tract: neural crest cells contribute to which events?

1. Conotruncal sepataion 2. Tunics of aorta 3. Parasympathetic post-gang neurons of heart

Partitioning of outflow tract: initially, the outflow track has (1/2/3) chambers. Further development of this is result of (X) formation.

1; | X = conotruncal cushions/ridges

Partitioning of outflow tract: conotruncal cushions separate (X) and (Y). They're largely derived from (Z).

``` X = aortic channel (outflow tract) Y = pulmonary channel (outflow tract) Z = neural crest mesenchyme ```

Partitioning of outflow tract: The cardiac outflow tract contains proximal (X) and distal (Y) cushions.

``` X = conal Y = truncal ```

Partitioning of outflow tract: fusion of (X) must form (Y) in spiral fashion.

``` X = conotruncal cushions Y = septum ```

Partitioning of outflow tract: eventually, truncal part divides outflow tract into (X) and (Y).

``` X = pulmonary trunk Y = aorta ```

Partitioning of outflow tract: eventually, conal part divides outflow tract into (X) and (Y).

``` X = LV outlet Y = RV outlet ```

Septation of ventricles: interventricular septum has (X) and (Y) parts.

``` X = muscular Y = membranous ```

Septation of ventricles: interventricular septum is derived from which two cell origins?

1. Neural crest | 2. Endocardial cushions

Septation of ventricles: muscular portion grows toward (X) and stops just short of its destination to leave (Y) opening.

``` X = endocardial cushions Y = interventricular foramen ```

Septation of ventricles: the ventricular septum is completed upon fusion of (rostral/caudal) end of (X).

Caudal; | X = conotruncal septum