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CVS > 04a: Embryology > Flashcards

04a: Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

CVS begins to develop in week (X). (Y) cells migrate through (Z).

A 
X = 3
Y = progenitor heart
Z = primitive streak
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2
Q

CVS development: Progenitor heart cells migrate through (X) and into (Y). This forms (Z), the first heart field.

A 
X = primitive streak
Y = (splanchnic) lateral plate mesoderm
Z = cardiac crescent (cardiogenic region)
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3
Q

The first heart field, aka (X), is (Y)-shaped and forms (rostral/caudal) and (above/below) which key structures?

A 
X = cardiac crescent (or cardiogenic region)
Y = crescent

Rostral to neural fold; Above oropharyngeal membrane

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4
Q

During body folding, the (cranial/caudal) portion of first heart field is pulled in (X) direction, to lie below (Y).

A

Cranial;
X = caudally and ventrally;
Y = foregut

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5
Q

CVS development: It’s during (X) process that R/L sides of first heart field fuse. (Y), key vascular elements (medial/lateral) to first heart field also fuse and form (Z).

A

X = lateral body folding;
Y = endocardial tubes (L and R)
Within heart field;
Z = primary heart tube

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6
Q

Endocardial heart tubes are immediately surrounded by:

A

Cardiac jelly

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7
Q

The heart, during formation, is an expanded tube of inner (X) tissue and outer (Y) tissue. The two layers are separated by (Z).

A 
X = endothelial
Y = myocardial
Z = cardiac jelly
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8
Q

List the sources of cells for developing heart.

A
  1. Primary and secondary heart fields
  2. Cardiac neural (crest) cells
  3. Proepicardial organ
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9
Q

CVS development: The (X) is formed from migrating cells derived from proepicardial organ, found in region of (Y). The cells migrate and cover the entire (Z).

A 
X = epicardium
Y = sinus venosus
Z = myocardium
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10
Q

Coronary vessels form from (X) during CVS development.

A

X = proepicardial sprouts

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11
Q

Cardiac tube takes shape in (X) week, when it undergoes (Y) process and loses symmetry.

A 
X = end of 3rd week
Y = dextral looping
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12
Q

Fetal circulation: (X) vessel carries oxygenated blood from (Y) to fetus.

A 
X = umbilical vein
Y = placenta
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13
Q

Fetal circulation: most oxygenated blood from placenta flows directly from umbilical (artery/vein) to (X) via which shortcut?

A 
Vein;
X = IVC
Ductus venosus (in liver)
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14
Q

Fetal circulation: blood travels from IVC to (X) and then most of that blood passes through (Y) into (Z).

A 
X = RA
Y = foramen ovale
Z = LA
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15
Q

Fetal circulation: Blood from LA primarily came from (X) and then goes to (Y).

A 
X = RA (through foramen ovale)
Y = aorta
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16
Q

The ductus arteriosus connects (X) to (Y).

A 
X = pulmonary artery
Y = descending aorta
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17
Q

Fetal circulation: The (X) shortcut allows blood from (Y) to bypass fluid-filled and non-functional lungs.

A 
X = ductus arteriosus
Y = RV
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18
Q

Heart partitioning: Septa (walls) will form in which space(s)?

A
  1. AV canal
  2. Outflow tract
  3. Primitive atrium and ventricle
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19
Q

T/F: Events in partitioning of heart happen sequentially.

A

False - simultaneously

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20
Q

Heart partitioning: development of which structures is critical for AV canal septation?

A

Endocardial cushions

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21
Q

Heart partitioning: endocardial cushions form in (X) space(s) as expansions of (Y). Which tissue layers are separated from each other?

A 
X = AV canal and outflow tract
Y = ECM (cardiac jelly)

Endothelium and myocardium

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22
Q

Heart partitioning: in AV canal, endocardial cushions form from cells derived from (X).

A

X = endocardium

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23
Q

Heart partitioning: EMT (epithelial to mesenchyme transformation) is seen in formation of (X) structures in (Y) space.

A 
X = endocardial cushions
Y = AV canal
24
Q

Heart partitioning: in outflow tract, endocardial cushions form from cells derived from (X).

A

X = neural crest cells

25
Q

Heart partitioning: Endocardial cushions also serve as primitive (X).

A

X = valves

26
Q

Heart partitioning: during AV valve formation, (X) hollows out tissue on (atrial/ventricular) surface of (Y).

A

X = blood flow
Ventricular;
Y = endocardial cushions

27
Q

AV valve formation: the valve leaflets are derived from (X) along with some (Y)-derived cells.

A 
X = endocardial cushion tissue
Y = epicardium
28
Q

AV valve formation: valves are covered by (X) tissue and connected to (Y) muscles by (Z).

A 
X = endocardium/endothelium
Y = papillary
Z = chordae tendinae (fibrous CT)
29
Q

AV valve formation: the structures are sculpted from (X) walls of (atria/ventricles).

A

X = muscular;

Ventricles

30
Q

When (dorsal/ventral/medial/lateral) endocardial cushions fuse, what spaces have formed?

A

Dorsal (inferior) and ventral (superior);

L and R AV canals

31
Q

Primitive ventricle becomes (X) in adult.

A

X = LV

32
Q

Adult atrial septum formation has contribution from fusion of (1/2/3) embryonic septa. List them.

A

2;

  1. Primary (septum primium)
  2. Secondary (septum secundum)
33
Q

Adult atrial septum formation has contribution from (1/2/3) foramen. List them

A

2;

  1. Primary (ostium primum)
  2. Secondary (ostium secundum)
34
Q

Septation of atria: Septum primium forms on (ventral/dorsal/medial/lateral) surface of (Y) space and grows toward (Z).

A

Dorsal;
Y = atrial chamber
Z = AV canal

35
Q

Septation of atria: the foramen primium is the space between (X) and (Y).

A 
X = caudal edge of septum primium 
Y = endocardial cushions
36
Q

Septation of atria: what’s the function of the foramen primium?

A

Shunt (RA to LA)

37
Q

T/F: In septation of atria, foramen secundum forms immediately after obliteration of foramen primium.

A

False - before obliteration

38
Q

Septation of atria: foramen secundum forms as a result of (X) in (Y) structure.

A 
X = small ruptures
Y = septum primium
39
Q

Septation of atria: what’s the mesenchymal cap?

A

Edge of septum primium, growing towards endocardial cushions

40
Q

Septation of atria: septum secundum is (thicker/thinner) than septum primium and forms to the (R/L).

A

Thicker; R

41
Q

Septation of atria: foramen primium is filled/closed when..

A

Septum primium (its dorsal mesenchymal cap) and dorsal mesenchymal protrusion fuse with AV endocardial cushions

42
Q

Septation of atria: septum secundum is completely closed when…

A

It’s not! Leaves opening (foramen ovale)

43
Q

Fetal circulation: blood entering RA and primarily passing to LA passes through which two openings?

A
  1. Foramen ovale

2. Foramen secundum

44
Q

Septation of atria: the valve of (X) opening in secondary septum is actually a portion of (Y).

A 
X = foramen ovale
Y = primary septum
45
Q

After birth, a (rise/fall) in (X) of (Y) chamber will result in closing of foramen ovale by (Z).

A

Fall;
X = P
Y = RA
Z = valve (primary septum) of foramen ovale presses against opening (secondary septum)

46
Q

Partitioning of outflow tract: migration of (X) through (Y), to reach developing heart, is critical.

A 
X = neural crest cells
Y = pharyngeal apparatus
47
Q

Partitioning of outflow tract: neural crest cells contribute to which events?

A
  1. Conotruncal sepataion
  2. Tunics of aorta
  3. Parasympathetic post-gang neurons of heart
48
Q

Partitioning of outflow tract: initially, the outflow track has (1/2/3) chambers. Further development of this is result of (X) formation.

A

1;

X = conotruncal cushions/ridges

49
Q

Partitioning of outflow tract: conotruncal cushions separate (X) and (Y). They’re largely derived from (Z).

A 
X = aortic channel (outflow tract)
Y = pulmonary channel (outflow tract)
Z = neural crest mesenchyme
50
Q

Partitioning of outflow tract: The cardiac outflow tract contains proximal (X) and distal (Y) cushions.

A 
X = conal
Y = truncal
51
Q

Partitioning of outflow tract: fusion of (X) must form (Y) in spiral fashion.

A 
X = conotruncal cushions
Y = septum
52
Q

Partitioning of outflow tract: eventually, truncal part divides outflow tract into (X) and (Y).

A 
X = pulmonary trunk 
Y = aorta
53
Q

Partitioning of outflow tract: eventually, conal part divides outflow tract into (X) and (Y).

A 
X = LV outlet
Y = RV outlet
54
Q

Septation of ventricles: interventricular septum has (X) and (Y) parts.

A 
X = muscular
Y = membranous
55
Q

Septation of ventricles: interventricular septum is derived from which two cell origins?

A
  1. Neural crest

2. Endocardial cushions

56
Q

Septation of ventricles: muscular portion grows toward (X) and stops just short of its destination to leave (Y) opening.

A 
X = endocardial cushions
Y = interventricular foramen
57
Q

Septation of ventricles: the ventricular septum is completed upon fusion of (rostral/caudal) end of (X).

A

Caudal;

X = conotruncal septum

CVS (11 decks)

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