05 Take Off - General Principles

Question 1

What are the following distances during the take-off?

• TOR (take off run)
• TOD (take off distance)

Answer 1

• TOR is from brakes released until Vlof

- TOD is from brakes released until the screen height is reached

Question 2

What is the screen height for the following AC class’?

• Class A
• Class B

Answer 2

• Class A: 35 ft

- Class B: 50 ft

Question 3

Describe Vr

Answer 3

Vr is the speed at rotation

Question 4

Describe Vlof

Answer 4

Vlof is the speed at lift off

Question 5

What type of speed is Vr and Vlof (TAS, IAS etc.) and why?

Answer 5

• Vr and Vlof are IAS (or CAS if the AC has a flight computer)
• They are IAS’ and not TAS as different AF conditions can result in achieving the same IAS at different TAS

Question 6

At the very beginning of the TOR, what is the biggest cause of drag?

Answer 6

Wheel Drag

Question 7

During the TOR what type of drag predominates?

Answer 7

Lift induced drag

Question 8

During the TOR what happens to Thrust, and subsequently acceleration, and why?

Answer 8

• As speed increases, Thrust decreases and so acceleration decreases
• This is because momentum drag starts to take effect but the Ram effect does not yet take place to counter it

Question 9

When is an AC said to be at it’s Runway Limited Take-Off Mass (RLTOM)?

Answer 9

When the TOD = TODA

Question 10

What percentage of the Headwind and Tailwind components is it mandatory to be factored in?

Answer 10

• 50% headwind

- 150% tailwind

Question 11

What is the formula for calculating the:

• Head/Tailwind component
• Crosswind component

Answer 11

• Head/Tailwind component = Wind Speed * Cos (theta)

- Crosswind component = Wind Speed * Sin (theta)

Question 12

Describe the two types of drag associated with runway contamination

Answer 12

• Displacement drag: the wheels must move the contaminant out of the path of the AC
• Impingement drag: contaminant which is sprayed up from the wheels onto the AC, adding weight and a force acting in the opposite direction of the AC

Question 13

When is an AC said to be at its Climb Limited Take Off Mass?

Answer 13

When the mass of the AC is such that is can only just achieve the minimum required climb gradient

Question 14

What factors effect the Climb Limited Take Off Mass (CLTOM)?

Answer 14

• Weight
• Altitude
• Temperature

Question 15

What is Vr in relation to V1?

Answer 15

Vr must be equal to or higher than V1

Question 16

Describe V1

Answer 16

• V1 is the decision speed

- Once this speed is reached the AC will take off

Question 17

How is the certificated take of distance established?

Answer 17

The greater of:

• All engine TOD x 1.15
• Engine failure at V1 TOD

Question 18

What is the effect of using engine bleed air on take off distance?

Answer 18

Using engine bleed air will reduce the available thrust and increase the take-off distance

Question 19

How does wind effect:

• CLTOM
• OLTOM

Answer 19

• Has no effect on CLTOM

- A tail wind will reduce OLTOM and a head wind will increase OLTOM

Question 20

What is a Balanced Field Take Off?

Answer 20

Where OEI TODR = OEI ASDR

One Engine Inoperative