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002 - Physio - Cardio > (05) 2-25 > Flashcards

(05) 2-25 Flashcards

1
Q

1-2. What influences venous return?

A
  1. blood volume
  2. dilation or constristion of veins
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2
Q

(Are Pulsations Seen in Veins?)

not usually

  1. none trasmitted from capillaries
  2. if you do see them - what is the source?
  3. Are jugular pulses normal or abnormal?
A
  1. transmitted back from heart
  2. abnormal
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3
Q

red dots are where pressure goes if heart stops

what does huge pressure difference tell you about difference between arteries and veins? - veins are way more compliant

A
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4
Q

(Control of Circulation)

1-2. What are the two main goals?

  1. What are the three ways blood flow controlled to different regions?
  2. relative importance of these controls may differ across the various organs and tissues
A
  1. maintain normal blood pressure
  2. enough blood going to individual tissues to satisfy individual needs
  3. local, neural, humoral
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5
Q

(Control of the circulation)

  1. which one is intrinsic?

2-3. which two are extrinsic?

A
  1. local (don’t have much effect on overall blood pressure)
  2. neural (affects heart, venous system, arterial system)
  3. hormonal (important in situations of stress)

(there are also sensors that help extrinsic)

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6
Q

(Vascular Smooth Muscle)

  1. controls what three things?
  2. contraction is via sliding filament-cross bridge mechanism, but lacks striations… which is greater… actin or myosin?
  3. functional coupling of smooth muslce cells (gap junction)
  4. slow contraction, high force, prolonged effect
  5. What controls contraction?
A
  1. total peripheral resistance (TPR), vascular tone, blood flow distribution
  2. actin > myosin
  3. Ca++ (differs from heart in mechanism)
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7
Q

(Vascular Smooth Muscle)

1-3. What are three sources of Ca for contraction?

A
  1. receptor operated channels
  2. release from sarcoplasmic reticulum
  3. voltage-gated channels

(just read the rest of it)

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8
Q

(Vascular Smooth Muscle)

1-3. what three things do we need for contraction?

(there is no troponin)

  1. thick or thin filament regulated?
A
  1. Ca++
  2. calmodulin
  3. myosin kinase
  4. thick - changes in myosin activation (rather than actin activated as it is in heart)

(look at these diagrams and get a general idea of what is going on…)

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9
Q

(Vascular “Tone”)

  1. What maintains vascular tone? and therefore what? allows for what?
  2. Vascular smooth muscle of most arteries and veins is innervated only by what?
  3. increase in sympathetic activation –> ?
  4. decrease?
A
  1. partial contraction; vessel diameter; further constriction or relaxation
  2. sympathetic fibers
  3. increase vascular R (increased symapthetic tone)
  4. decreasd vascular R (decreased symphathetic tone)
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10
Q

(Intrinsic (Local) flow Regulation)

  1. What is the most importnat intrinsic mechanism? using what compounds?
  2. What is the situation with higher metablic activty and higher blood flow called?
  3. what is an increase in blood flow that occurs in response to period of time in whch flow has been restricted?
A
  1. metabolic regulation; CO2, lactic acid, other

(go over this chart)

  1. active hyperemia
  2. reactive hyperemia
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11
Q

(Intrinsic Local Flow regulation)

(Autoregulation)

  1. Allows relatively constant flow to tissue despite what?
  2. When transmural P how does vessel react?
  3. Tends to maintain constant flow when BP is between what range?
  4. Below autoregulatory range, does flow increase or decrease as perfusion decreases?
  5. Below a certain value what happens?
A
  1. fluctuations in BP
  2. constricts (+ vice versa)
  3. 60 - 190 mmHg
  4. decreases
  5. arterioles close and flow stops (critical closing P)
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12
Q

(Intrinsic (Local) Flow Regulation)

(Paracrines)

(endothelial mediated reguation)

  1. nitric oxide –> ?; release stimulated by what?
  2. endothelin-1 –> ?; released from what?
  3. prostacyclin –> ?
A
  1. vasodilation; increase vascular sheer forces (increased flow)

(also serotonin, ADP from platelets, etc are vasodiators)

  1. vasoconstriction; injured epithelium
  2. vasodilation
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13
Q

(Intrinsic (Local) Flow regulation)

(Long-term adjustments in blood flow)

1-3. name three

A
  1. change in degree of vascularity
  2. tissue demand for O2
  3. angiogensis factors, collateral vessels
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14
Q

(Extrinsic Control of the Circulation)

(Nervous system and humoral regulation)

  1. superimposed on intrinsic (local) regulation
  2. necessary for normal functions?
  3. allows greater effectiveness of control in situations such as exercise, hemorrhage, etc

(Autonomic NErvous System)

  1. Sympathetic (adrenergic) - release of what? activatino of what?
  2. Parasympathetic: release of what? inhbition of what?
  3. So what is the big goal ehre?
A
  1. no
  2. NE; activation of CV system (pressor response - increase constriction)
  3. Ach; heart (+ some vessels)
  4. arterial pressure regulation
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15
Q

(Central Regulation of CV system)

check out this slide

A
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16
Q
  1. Is there sympathetic innervation to capillaries?

answer the questions on the thing

A
  1. no
  2. ^ SNS activity to veins

increase

increase a little

increase

  1. ^ SNS to arterioles

increase

might decrease (may not change)

might decrease

17
Q

(Vascular Wall Receptors)

  1. density and distribution vary among tissues
  2. control degree of vasoconstriciton or dilation

(alpha1)

  1. inside or outside
  2. respond to what
  3. what happens

(alpha2)

  1. outside or inside
  2. respond to what
  3. do what

(beta 2)

  1. outside or inside
  2. respond to what
  3. do what
A
  1. outside
  2. syaptic NE
  3. vasoconstriction
  4. inside
  5. circulating NE
  6. vasoconstriction
  7. inside
  8. circulating epinephrine
  9. vasodilation
18
Q

(Control of the Circulation)

(Input signals)

1-4. from what four things?

(output signal)

1-2. from what?

A
  1. baroreceptors
  2. chemoreceptors
  3. brain (hypothalamus, cerebral cortex)
  4. skin
  5. sympathetic
  6. vagal/other PNS
19
Q

(Arterial Baroreceptor Reflex)

  1. Rapid acting - is most important mechanism for acute what?
  2. increased BP –> increased stretch –> ?
  3. decreased BP –> decreased stretch –> ?

(range of operation)

  1. < 50-60 mmHg, no stimulation - allows what?
  2. > 180-200 mmHg - wha do we get?
  3. chronic stimulation –> ?
A
  1. BP control! (mechano-stretch receptors)
  2. increase afferent traffic –> stimulates solitary tract nucleus –> inhibits pressor response –> decreases sympathetic output –> allows vasodilation
  3. decreased afferent traffic –> decreased inhibition … –> increased sympathetic output –> vasoconstriction
  4. maximal sympathetic vasoconstriction
  5. maximal firing
  6. decreased BR sensitivity

002 - Physio - Cardio (12 decks)

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