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002 - Physio - Cardio > (04) 2 > Flashcards

(04) 2 Flashcards

1
Q

(Arteries)

  1. conduit for what?

(high pressure reservoir)

  1. receive what?
  2. maintain what to drive flow?

(Blood moves down a pressure gradient)

  1. Arterial system converts the intermittent (pulsatile) blood flow generated by the heart into what?
A
  1. blood –> tissues
  2. pulsatile CO
  3. increased P
  4. virtually steady flow through capillaries
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2
Q

(Large arteries)

(Large Arteries: strong elastic walls)

  1. high pressure reservior for what?
  2. keeps P from going to high in what?
  3. recoil maintains high P during diastole –> ?

(examples of large arteries - main arteries of trunk, intial portion of extremities)

  1. are large arteries compliant? act almost like what?
A
  1. pulsatile CO
  2. systole
  3. flow continues to tissues
  4. yes; an auxillary pump
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3
Q

(Arteries)

(medium/small arteries - to extremities)

  1. progressively more what and less what?

2-3. as wall thickness/lumen increases… what two things occur?

(Arterioles: strong muscular walls)

  1. greatest increase in what?
  2. Act as what for flow to tissues?
  3. arterioles = ?
A
  1. more smooth muscle and less elastin
  2. vessel less compliant
  3. resistance to blood flow increases
  4. vascular resistance
  5. control valves
  6. resistance valves
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4
Q

lowest pressure is diastolic pressure

highest is systolic

  1. What causes the incisura?
  2. What is the pulse pressure?
  3. How is arterial mean pressure estimated?
A
  1. blood moving backward in aorta before it hits the closed valve (the time the aortic valve is closed)
  2. difference between systolic and diastolic
  3. more time is spent near diastolic, so mean is closer to diastolic
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5
Q

(Mean Arterial Pressure)

  1. Estimate as what?
  2. Mean P is a measure of what? Mean P decreases as energy lost from what?
  3. Mean P is used for calculating what?
  4. MAP is determined by what and what?
A
  1. diastolic + 1/3 Pulse P (although not totally accurate for Ao (aorta))
  2. the potential energy in the system; friction of flow
  3. Resistance
  4. CO and R

(then look at thing - sometimes RAP is ignored cause it is so low)

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6
Q

(Pulse Pressure)

  1. determines how strong what feels?

2-4. What are 3 factors affecting pulse P?

  1. Stroke volume (SV) = ?
A
  1. the pulse
  2. stroke volume of heart (direct relation)
  3. arterial compliance (inverse relation)
  4. character of ejection
  5. volume ejected/beat
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7
Q

when is his pulse palpably stronger?

A

because CO is the same - it means at 45 beats per minute he has a bigger stroke volume - also a longer period of time between heart beat - longer time for diastolic to go way down - more difference between diastolic and systolic

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8
Q

(What affects Stroke Volume (SV))?

1-3. three factors.. name them plus how they affect

A
  1. heart rate

increased HR shortens filling time –> decreased SV for each beat (if CO constant)

  1. resistance

decreased R facilitates flow to periphery; easier for heart to pump more blood out –> increase SV

  1. Blood volume back to heart

increased venous returned —> increased SV

(influenced by mean circulatory filling pressure)

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9
Q

(Blood flow to individual tissues)

  1. controlled by what and what? depends on what?

(Microcirculation)

  1. consists of what five things?
A
  1. degree of constriction or dilation of small arteries and arterioles; metabolic demands of tissues
  2. precapillary arteriole, capillary (=exchange vessels_, venule, interstitum, lymphatic

(for each pound of fat the body needs a mile of capillaries!!!)

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10
Q

(Capillary Structure and Functon)

  1. rate of diffusion = ?
  2. what is this called?

(Characteristic of capillaries in different organs help facilitate functions)

3-5. What are three types?

A
  1. constant*Area*([conc in cap] - [conc in interstitium])/change in x (distance over which substance has to travel)
  2. Fick’s law of diffusion
  3. continuous (most common)
  4. fenestrated
  5. sinusoidal (large, variable size and shape)
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11
Q

(How does and increase in metabolic rate increase delivery of O2 and other substances to cells?)

use equation

  1. more capillaries open will do what?
  2. increase in what else?
  3. increase in metabolic rate –> increased diffusion by affecting all except for what?
A
  1. increase area and decrease change in x (capillaries closer to cells that need them)
  2. driving force for diffusion (greater differece between Sc and Si)
  3. D - the constant
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12
Q

(Interstitium)

  1. area between what and what?
  2. fluid here = ?
  3. what is interstitial fluid P? how about average functional capillary P?
  4. So why doesn’t most fluid leak out of capillaries into the interstitium?
A
  1. vessels and cells (contains collagens and other filaments)
  2. interstitial fluid (an ultrafiltrate of plasma)
  3. P< or = to 0 mmHg; P = ~17 mmHg

4.

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13
Q

(Fluid Movement across capillary Wall)

  1. bulk flow can occur thorugh what? influenced by what?
  2. water also moves across capillary membranes by what? how is this allowsed?
  3. What is another way water can cross membrances? spped? based on what?
A
  1. capillary pores; hydrostatic pressure
  2. osmosis; semipermeable membrane, [] gradient on impermaeable solutes –> osmotic pressure difference –> driving force for osmotic H2O flow (flow proportional to pore r^4 - poisellse)
  3. diffusion; slower; [] difference; proportional to surface are aof pores
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14
Q

(Starling’s Forces)

1-2. Fluid movement across capillary membrane depends on sum of what forces?

understand the figure pretty well

A
  1. osmotic pressure
  2. hydrostatic pressure
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15
Q

(Starling’s Forces)

  1. Fluid is filtered out of capillary at what end? what percentage of filtered fluid is reabsorbd at venous side of capillary bed?
  2. small net fluid flow into what?
A
  1. arteriolar end; 90%
  2. the interstitium
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16
Q

(The Starling Equation)

…. just look at this slide

A
17
Q

(What promotes interstitial edema?)

1-4. What four things?

A
  1. increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
  2. decreased capillary oncotic P
  3. increase capillary permeability
  4. decreased lymphatic flow
18
Q

(Lymphatics)

  1. drain fluid from what?
  2. remove excess what?
  3. also pick up what else?
A
  1. interstitial space (~10% of fluid not absorbed by venous end of capillaries)
  2. interstitial protein - can get back to circulation (eg protein leaked due to tissue inflammation/capillary damage)
  3. particles and bacteria (removed in lymph nodes)
19
Q

(What determines the rate of lymph flow)

  1. what is the big thing? what can increase this?

(lymphatic pump)

  1. one way valves –> ?
  2. intrinsic wall contractions (stretch)
  3. external compression… like what?
A
  1. interstitial fluid pressure; increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, reduced oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability
  2. forward flow
  3. muscle contraction (the big one), movement, arterial pulsations
20
Q

(What happens when interstitial fluid accumulation exceeds maximal lymph flow rate?)

1-2. two of them…

A
  1. edema (extra fluid in tissues) or effusion (fluid into cavities)
  2. rate of lymph flow can increase with chronic increase in pressure
21
Q

(Veins)

  1. return blood to heart; how thick are walls? smooth muscle?

(blood storage areas)

  1. do they easily expand at low P?

(…)

  1. can constrict —> blood to where?

(venous pump)

  1. what kind of valves?
  2. action of what else?
A
  1. thin; yes
  2. yes; (spleen (dog, horse)
  3. central ciruclation
  4. one way
  5. surrounding tissues
22
Q

(Veins)

  1. all systemic venous blood –> ?
  2. RAP influences what in all systemic veins?

3-4. RAP depends on what two things?

  1. venous return = ?
A
  1. RA = central venous pressure (CVP)
  2. P
  3. ability of heart to pump blood out
  4. amount of blood flowing from body
  5. CO

002 - Physio - Cardio (12 decks)

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