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Question 1

(Primary Funcition of CV system: Transport and Delivery)

1-2. Delivery of what two things?

3. Removal of what?
4. How must this occur?

Answer 1

1. nutrients (O2, glucose, AA, fatty acids)
2. other substanes (H2O, electorlytes, hormones, etc)
3. wastes (CO2, lactic acid, nitrogenous wastes)
4. at an adequate rate

Question 2

(What is necessary to provide what the body’s tissues require?)

1-4. what four things?

Answer 2

1. transport medium (blood)
2. efficient transport system (vessels)

delivery (arteries), distribution (capillaries), return (veins)

3. pump (heart)

energy to drive blood flow, perfusion pressure

4. regulatory system (ANS, hormones, etc)

Question 3

concept map - use if you wish - don’t memorize

Question 4

(Transport in the CV system)

1. bulk flow vs. diffusion

(bulk flow)

2. what is it?
3. what is needed to drive bulk flow?
4. What is perfusion pressure? What generates this pressure?
5. What is transmural pressure (aka distending pressure)?

Answer 4

2. blood flow through vessels, rapid (seconds), travel long distances
3. energy
4. hydrostatic P from beginning to end of circuit; heart’s pumping activity
5. pressure difference between inside and outside

(look at diagram)

Question 5

(Transport in the CV System)

1. What is the primary was dissolved substances move across vessel (capillary) walls from blood to interstitial fluid and vice versa? what is extracellular fluid outside of capillaries?
2. What kind of process is diffusion? What is the driving force?
3. What need to have close proximity to capillaries (fresh blood)? What three processes used to move substances?

Answer 5

1. diffusion; interstitial fluid
2. passive and relatively slow; concentration difference (from higher to lower)
3. metabolically active cells; diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or active transport process

Question 6

(Example: O2 tranposr –> both bulk flow and diffusion)

look at this - don’t memorize the numbers says she

Question 7

(What is the path of blood flow?)

1. where would blood flow take you?

cephalic vein - go over the order of blood flow… she says it around 20 minutes if you need to review this…

Question 8

bulge in veins illustrates that veins can serve as storage area

1. What is systole?
2. what is diastole

Answer 8

1. phase of ventricular contraction (blood ejected)
2. phase of ventricuar relaxation (heart refills)

(arterial wall recoil –> propels blood)

Question 9

(Cardiovascular System)

1. how many circulations linked in seires?

2-4. What are the three types of vesses and what are their functions?

Answer 9

1. 2 (pulmonary and systemic)
2. arteries –> high pressure conduit
3. aterioles –> gatekeepers to capillaries
4. veins –> return conduit

(there will be areas (or times) of low P and of high P)

for example - only high pressure in ventricles during systole

high pressure - arteries, ventricels (during systole),

low - veins, capillaries, atria (left and right), ventricles during diastole

Question 10

(CV System)

(Pulmonary Circulation)

1-2. functions?

(Systemic Circulation)

1. components?

2-3. functions?

Answer 10

1. O2 and CO2 exchange
2. acid/base regulation
3. left ventricle, aorta, arteries to all systemic organs, capillaries, veins, atrium
4. supply nutrients
5. waste products

(note the parallel circuits in systemic)

(note there are also series circulations - two capillary beds in series) one is splachinch –> portal vein –> liver

also kidneys

Question 11

1. what is green?
2. in orange?
3. the blue?

Answer 11

1. greater fluid pressure on lower valve (resistance of flow is same - but pressure is higher down low so flow increass)
2. greater resistance to flow in left valve - therefore less flow in left - equal pressure on both
3. because there is a pump there is equal pressure on each of these - but there are different resistances and therefore ifferent amounts of flow

(these illustrate basic principles of hemodynamics)

Question 12

(Important Variables)

(Blood flow (f or Q)

CO distribution is also important - vasodilation or vasoconstriction…

learn this well

Question 13

(Important Variables)

(blood pressure)

1. another name for this?
2. how is it measured?
3. unit?

(pefusion pressure)

1. what is it?
2. how calculated?

(other)

(O2 tension, pH)

Answer 13

1. transmural (distending pressure) P
2. force/unit area of vessel wall (inside - outside P)
3. mmHG, cm H2O
4. force pushing blood through vessel
5. mean P at the beginning - mean P at end (change in P)

Question 14

(What is needed to maintain blood flow to maintain blood flow to the various regional circulations?)

1-3. what three things?

4-6. What are three things that can affect resistance?

Answer 14

1. adequate arterial pressure
2. adequate CO
3. changes in resistance can influence both
4. ANS - vasoconstriction
5. hormonal mechanisms
6. local regulation

Question 15

know this really well she says

Question 16

(Hemodynamic Principles)

1. When referring to flow out of the heart (from either ventricle) (aka CO)…
2. Q = ?
3. CO = ?
4. What is Systemic change in P?
5. What is pulmonary change in P?
6. does cardiac output from left ventricle equal cariac output from the right ventricle?
7. 70-80% of systemic blood is in what?

Answer 16

2. cardiac output
3. change in P/R
4. p1 = aorta, p2 = vena cava or right atrium (pressure in almost the same in both)
5. p1 = pulmonary artery, p2 = left atrium
6. yes
7. veins (=storage reservoir)

(learn the percentrages in this picture)