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Phar 111 Lec 1st Exam > 03 - Cytology > Flashcards

03 - Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the prokaryotic cell

A 
Flagella
Pili
Capsule
Cell wall
Cytoplasmic membrane 
Cytoplasm 
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
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2
Q

separates the interior of the cells from the outside environment ; regulates flow of materials into and out of a cell

A

Plasma membrane

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3
Q

Components of the Plasma membrane

A

Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Glycolipids

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4
Q

Comprises 75% of the plasma membrane that forms the LIPID BILAYER with one polar head and 2 non-polar tails

A

Phospholipids

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5
Q

Phospholipids
Polar head faces the: ___1___
Nonpolar tail: ___2___

A
  1. Extracellular fluid and cytosol

2. Forms the center which is a non-polar region

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6
Q

Accounts for the 5% of the lipids

A

Glycolipids

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7
Q

Glycolipids
Polar head: ___1___
Nonpolar tail: ___2___

A
  1. Carbohydrate

2. Fatty acid

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8
Q

20% of the plasma membrane

A

Cholesterol

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9
Q

2 types of proteins in the plasma membrane

A

Integral

Peripheral

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10
Q

an internal framework that determines cell shape

A

Cytoskeleton

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11
Q

Components of Cytoskeleton

A
  1. Microfilaments (composed of ACTIN)
  2. Intermediate filaments
  3. Microtubules (composed of TUBULIN)
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12
Q

Composed of paired centrioles and the pericentriolar material

A

Centrosome

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13
Q

a cylindrical structure, composed of 9 clusters of 3 microtubules arranged in a circular pattern

A

Centriole

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14
Q

Contains hundreds of ring-shaped complexes composed of tubulin

A

Pericentriolar material

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15
Q

The organizing centers for formation of mitotic spindle during cell division (metaphase)

A

Tubulin

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16
Q

4 locations of ribosomes

A
  1. RER
  2. Nuclear membrane
  3. Cytoplasm
  4. Mitochondria
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17
Q

Actual site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosome

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18
Q

Network of folded membranes of flattened sacs that extends from the nuclear envelope throughout the cytoplasm

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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19
Q

Mini-circulatory system of the cell

A

ER

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20
Q

Site of protein synthesis

A

Rough ER

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21
Q

Site of fatty acids & steroid (lipid) synthesis

Detoxification of drugs and harmful substances

A

Smooth ER

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22
Q

Release calcium for muscle contraction

A

Smooth (sarcoplasmic reticulum)

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23
Q

Stacks of flattened membranous sacs with bulging edges

A

Golgi complex

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24
Q

What do you call the
1. Stacks of flattened membranous sacs
2. Bulging edges
In the golgi complex

A
  1. Cisternae

2. Vescicles

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25
Q

Components of the golgi complex

A

Cis face
Medial cisternae
Trans face

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26
Q

receives and modifies proteins produced by the rough ER

A

Cis face

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27
Q

Add
CARBOHYDRATES to proteins to form GLYCOLIPIDS and
LIPIDS to proteins to from LIPOPROTEINS

A

Medial cisternae

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28
Q

modifies the molecules further and then sorts and packages them for transport to their destinations

A

Trans/Exit face

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29
Q

digest excess or worn-out organelles , food particles, and engulf viruses or bacteria

A

Lysosomes

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30
Q

The membrane around a lysosome allows the digestive enzymes to work at pH

A

5

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31
Q

detoxify a number of harmful or poisonous substances

A

Oxidase enzyme (peroxisome)

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32
Q

protect the cells from the toxic effects of H2O2

A

Catalase enzymes

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33
Q

Continuously destroy unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins

- protein bodies

A

Proteasomes

34
Q

enzymes that cut proteins into small peptides

A

Proteases

35
Q

Generates most of the ATP

A

Mitochondria

36
Q

Mitochondria has an enormous surface of __________ that provides SITE OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

A

Cristae

37
Q

Mitochondria is abundant in ACTIVE CELLS such as:
1
2
3

A

Liver
Kidney
Muscle cells

38
Q

Circular arrangement of proteins surrounding a large central opening
Control the movement of substances bet the NUCLEUS and the CYTOPLASM

A

Nuclear pore

39
Q

Passive transport processes

A 
Diffusion 
Osmosis
Filtration 
Dialysis 
Brownian movement
40
Q

Active transport processes

A

Active transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis

41
Q

Molecules (and ions) tend to scatter themselves throughout the available space from an area of higher to lower concentration until equilibrium is achieved

A

Diffusion

42
Q

T/F:

The lesser the difference in the steepness of concentration gradient, the faster the diffusion rate

A

F

Greater diff in steepness, faster rate

43
Q

T/F:

The more the surface area, the faster the diffusion rate

A

T

44
Q

T/F:

The lesser the diffusion distance, the slower the diffusion rate

A

F

Greater diffusion distance, slower rate

45
Q

diffusion of WATER through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher to lower concentration (or from lower solute to higher solute concentration)

A

Osmosis

46
Q

T/F:

Osmosis is possible when the membrane is permeable to BOTH WATER AND CERTAIN SOLUTES

A

F

Should be permeable ONLY WITH WATER BUT NOT TO certain solutes

47
Q

Filtration is movement of water and solute molecules across the cell membrane due to _____________

A

Hydrostatic pressure

48
Q

Separation of large solutes from smaller ones by diffusion through a selectively permeable membrane.

A

Dialysis

49
Q

filters the blood by removing wastes and excess electrolytes and fluid and then returning the cleansed blood to the patient

A

Hemodialysis

50
Q

Active transport processes uses ATP to energize _______________ which pump a substance across a plasma membrane against its concentration gradient

A

Transporter proteins

51
Q

Substances transported ACTIVELY

A

Amino acids
Sugars
Ions

52
Q

Ratio required for SODIUM-POTASSIUM exchange to maintain equilibrium

A

3:2

53
Q

Materials move into a cell contained in a vesicle formed from a plasma membrane

A

Endocytosis

54
Q

Types of endocytosis

A

Receptor-mediated
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis

55
Q

Materials move out of the cell by the fusion of vesicles formed inside the cell with plasma membrane

A

Exocytosis

56
Q

Metabolic phase

Longest and most dynamic part of a cell’s life

A

Interphase

57
Q

In interphase, the cell is
1
2
3

A

Growing
Metabolizing
Maintaining itself

58
Q
  • Formation of a cleavage furrow around center of the cell
  • Division of a parent cell’s cytoplasm and organelles into two daughter cells
  • Each new daughter cell enters the interphase stage
A

Cytokinesis

59
Q

Reproductive cell division that produces gametes

A

Meiosis

60
Q

A group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation

A

Cancer

61
Q

Cancer that develops from epithelial cells

A

Carcinoma

62
Q

Cancer that grows from connective tissue

A

Sarcoma

63
Q

Cancer of the immune system and WBC

A

Lymphoma

64
Q

Inherited disease that is the ABSENCE OF HEAX-A (a single lysosomal enzyme)

A

Tay-sachs

65
Q

Tay-sachs normally breaks down a membrane glycolipid called

A

Ganglioside GM2

66
Q

Effects of tay-sachs

A 
Seizures 
Muscular rigidity 
Blindness
Demented 
Uncoordinated
67
Q

Tay-sachs patients usually die before the age of

A

5

68
Q

Marker of tay-sachs: _____1______

Discovered by: _____2______

A
  1. Cherry red spot on the retina

2. Warren tay (opthalmologist)

69
Q

Discoverers of tay-sachs

A

Warren tay - opthalmologist

Bernard sachs - neurologist

70
Q
  • Destroys brain cells

* Affects areas of the brain that control memory, language and thinking skills.

A

Alzheimer’s disease

71
Q

Genetic mutations that cause alzheimer’s disease

A

Presenilin 1 and 2

Amyloid precursor protein

72
Q

3 distinct structural brain abnormalities of Alzheimer’s disease

A
  1. Loss of neurons that liberate acetylcholine
  2. Beta-amyloid plaques
  3. Neurofibrillary tangles
73
Q

Major center of neurons that liberate acetylcholine wherein its destruction is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease

A

Nucleus basalis

74
Q

Clusters of abnormal proteins deposited outside neurons

A

Beta-amyloid plaques

75
Q

Abnormal bundles of filaments inside neurons in affected brain regions.

A

Neurofibrillary tangles

76
Q

Nerve cells in the brain gradually die or break down

•Most of the symptoms are due to loss of neurons •Decrease in dopamine levels

A

Parkinsons

77
Q

•Normal development in the first year of life followed by rapid aging
- die usually at the age of 13

A

Progeria

78
Q

Progeria is caused by a genetic defect in which _________ are shorter than normal

A

Telomeres

79
Q

•nucleotide sequences at each end of a chromatid, which protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration or from fusion with neighbouring chromosomes.

A

Telomeres

80
Q
  • Rare, inherited disease that causes rapid acceleration of aging usually begins in adolescence stage
  • acceleration of aging, usually while the person is only in his or her twenties.
A

Werner syndrome

Phar 111 Lec 1st Exam (4 decks)

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