02_Interpersonal Relationships

Question 1

Affiliation definition

Answer 1

Innate motive that contributes to the initiation and maintenance of interpersonal relationships

Question 2

3 factors that may drive Affiliation

Answer 2

Anxiety

Arousability

Gender

Question 3

Affiliation & Anxiety (Schacter)

Answer 3

In anxiety-arousing conditions, social comparison is a more potent cause of affiliation than relief from discomfort

Research study:

When highly anxious individuals were given the choice to wait alone or with non-anxious individuals, they chose to wait alone

“Misery loves miserable company”

Question 4

Affiliation & Arousability

Answer 4

ANS arousal by external stimuli (presence of others) affects the desire to affiliate

Question 5

Differential impact of Arousability on Affiliation:

Introverts vs Extroverts

Answer 5

Introvert = high arousability
Avoids affiliating with others to keep their arousal from reaching an uncomfortable level

Extrovert = low arousablity
Seeks affiliation to stimulate arousal to an optimal level

Question 6

Affiliation & Arousability:

Gender Differences in Affiliation

Answer 6

Women = more likely to engage in conversation, talk to people of the same sex, and affiliate in public places

“Tend and Befriend”

Question 7

Affiliation:

Characteristics of Female Friendships

Answer 7

More close friends

More Verbal communication and self-disclosure

More same-sex emotionally intimate relationships

Question 8

Affiliation:

Characteristics Of Male Friendships

Answer 8

Friendships develop from shared activities

Greater tolerance for same-sex peers

Longer friendships

Question 9

Attraction is a special type of affiliation that is affected by three main factors…

Answer 9

Competence

Similarity

Reciprocity

Question 10

Attraction:

Competence

Answer 10

We tend to like competent and intelligent people more

*Especially when they occasionally make small mistakes

Question 11

Attraction:

Similarity

Answer 11

We are generally more attracted to people who are similar to ourselves

Question 12

Attraction:

Reciprocity

Answer 12

We like others who like us
+
Dislike those who dislike us

Question 13

Attraction:

Gain-Loss Effect

Answer 13

Attraction is maximized by if a person’s evaluation is initially negative but then comes positive

Question 14

Evolutionary Psychology Theory of Attraction

Answer 14

Gender differences in reproductive strategies influence differences in attraction

Men = physical attractiveness (health and fertility)

Women = status and resources
(parental investment)

Question 15

Sexual Jealousy

Gender differences

Answer 15

Men = elicited primarily by sexual infidelity

Women = emotional infidelity

Question 16

Emotion-in-Relationship Model

Answer 16

Emotion is generated when expectations of partner are violated

Positive emotions are more intense in the initial stages of a relationship = still surprising / unexpected

Question 17

Social Exchange Theory

Answer 17

Staying in a relationship depends on its cost and rewards

*More predictive of relationships with strangers, acquaintances, and business associates than with family members and close friends

Question 18

Equity Theory

Answer 18

Perception of fairness in a relationship is more important than the absolute magnitude of the inputs and outcomes

• same as I/O equity with salary

Question 19

Person Perception

2 relevant aspects of Personhood

Answer 19

Identifiability (differentiability)

Personality: clear internal consistency of identity

Question 20

Which character trait is significant in person perception, and most pronounced for social roles, contexts of greater importance, and intimacy?

Answer 20

Warmth

Question 21

Drawbacks of Online Communication

Answer 21

Absence of nonverbal cues

Lack of warmth

Less demand for engagement

Impersonality

Shallow interactions

Difficulty building social support

Question 22

Law of Attraction

Answer 22

Like attracts Like

Interacting with someone with similar attitudes is more likely to generate positive affect

Question 23

Attraction:

Factors that Increase Likelihood of Gain-Loss Effect

Answer 23

Gradual change of opinion

Change in opinion reflects a true change of heart