022 the eye Flashcards
what are the external/visible structures of the eye?
- upper and lower eyelids
- palpebral fissure between the eyelids (endpoints called medial and lateral cathus)
- medial canthus = has lacrimal caruncle and plica semilunaris
- sclera, cornea, iris and pupil
what are the medial and lateral canthus of the eye?
end points of the eye
what is the lacrimal caruncle and plica semilunaris of the eye?
- remnants of the ‘3rd eyelid’ which many animals have
- inner pink part of eye
- lacrimal caruncle is most inner, then plica semilunaris
what is the conjunctiva?
- thin transparent film that covers inside of eyelids and visible part of sclera (but not cornea/iris)
what is the purpose of the conjunctiva?
- secretes oils and mucous to lubricate eye and keep it clean
what is the anatomical location of the conjunctiva and what is it attached to?
- covers inside of eyelids and sclera, but not cornea/iris
– attaches on the corneal boundary/limbus
what is the innervation and blood supply of the conjunctiva?
- ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve
- ophthalmic artery
what is subconjunctival hemorrhage?
- blood in eye
- caused by blood vessel bursting between conjunctiva and sclera (not in cornea)
- can be causing by high blood pressure in head e.g. from coughing, vomiting, sneezing, head injury, lifting heavy things
- not serious, goes away by itself
what is hyphaema?
- blood in between the cornea and iris
- often due to trauma, surgery, tumours or vascular anomalies
- can be serious –> cause vision loss, increased intraocular pressure and atrophy of optic nerve
what is viral conjunctivitis?
- inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eye often due to infection/allergies
- also called pink eye
- makes eyes red and itchy and may produce pus
what are the layers of the eyelids?
superficial to deep:
- skin
- subcutaneous tissue
- orbicularis oculi muscle
- levator palpebrae and superior tarsal muscle (upper)
- orbital septum
- tarsus / tarsal gland
- sebaceous gland of eyelash
- conjunctiva
what is the orbital septum?
- extension of periosteum into both upper and lower eyelids
- levator palpebrae superiors and tarsus muscle atatch here
what are the tarsal plates?
- fibrous tissue in the upper and lower eyelids
- stiffen eyelids
- the conjunctiva adheres to the deep surface of the tarsal plates and tarsal muscle
what glands are in the eyelids?
ciliary = behind the roots of eyelashes (infection of these cause styes)
tarsal = on deep surface of tarsal plates, their ducts open onto lid margin
what is the innervation of the upper eye lid?
ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve
what is the innervation of the lower eye lid?
maxillary division of trigeminal nerve
what is ptosis?
- drooping of upper eyelid
- sometimes called a lazy eye
- can be unilateral or bilateral
what causes ptosis?
- muscle weakness of the eyelid muscles levator palpebrae and superior tarsal muscle (associated with old age or congenital)
- oculomotor nerve palsy e.g. stroke
- Horner’s syndrome
what is Horner’s syndrome caused by?
- usually due to damage of the sympathetic trunk in the neck
what are symptoms of Horner’s syndrome?
- ipsilateral = same side as the side of the sympathetic trunk lesion
- ptosis, drooping of eyelid due to denervation of superior tarsal muscle
- miosis, pupillary constriction due to denervation of superior tarsal muscle
- anhidrosis, absence of sweating due to deneravation of sweat glands
what is the lacrimal apparatus made up of?
- lacrimal gland and its ducts
- puncta
- lacrimal canaliculi
- lacrimal sac
- nasolacrimal duct
what is the function of the lacrimal apparatus?
- production, movement and drainage of fluid from the surface of the eyeball
what is the location of the lacrimal gland?
- above the eyelid on the lateral side
what is the location of the puncta, lacrimal canaliculi, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct?
- puncta = medial inner pink region of eye, opening through which fluid enters each lacrimal canaliculus
- the lacrimal canaliculi then join the lacrimal sac which is connected to the nasolacrimal duct
what is the lacrimal gland innervated by?
- ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve
- facial nerve
what are the 3 wall layers of the eye?
outer to inner:
- sclera
- choroid
- retina
what is the eye divided into?
- anterior and posterior cavity
what is in the anterior cavity of the eye?
- divided into anterior and posterior chamber
- anterior chamber = lens
- posterior chamber = everything in front of the lens : pupil, iris
-all filled with aqueous humour ( more watery)
what is in the posterior cavity of the eye?
- filled with vitreous humour (more jelly like)
- behind the lens
- retina/fovea at back
what is a?
sclera
what is b?
choroid
what is c?
retina
what is d?
fovea centralis