02.02 Review of Carbohydrates Flashcards
Polymer Formation
Involves Dehydration (Removal of water) and Covalent bond linkages
Fischer Projection
2D Formation
Horizontal lines - Forward
Vertical lines - Rear
Haworth Projection
Flat representation
Anomeric C at Right
Oxygen atom at the back
Examples of Disaccharides
Maltose = Glucose + Glucose (1,4) Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose (1,2) Lactose = Glucose + Galactose (1,4)
Mnemonic:
14 GG Ma?
12 GF Siya.
14 G GaLa?
Tautomers
Same atomic composition but Different positions of H and Double bonds (e.g aldehydes and ketoses)
Mnemonic: TD Positions
Identify the two types of trioses and the reaction that produces these
D-glyceraldehyde and Dihydroxyacentone are products of Fructose-1,6-Biphosphate breakdown during Glycolysis
Glucose (hexose) breaks down into two Trioses.
Configurational Stereoisomers
- Enantiomers = Mirror Images (most naturally occuring: D formation)
- Diastereomers = Not mirror images but same atomic composition
- Epimers = differs only in one Carbon atom - Anomers = alpha (down) beta (up)
Mnemonic:
EnantioMirrors
Anomeron sa Up and down?
Conformational Stereoisomers
Same Stereochemical configuration but different 3D configuration (e.g Tautomers)
What happens in cyclation?
- Aldehyde or ketone converted to OH
- Creates Carbon with 2 possible orientation of OH (Anomeric Carbon)
- Transformation of Sugar
- Glucose (Aldehyde) to Pyranose
- Fructose (Ketone) to Furanose
Mnemonic: GA FtK
Derivatives of Monosaccharides
- Reducing sugars - Glucose as Reducing Agent will become acidic (Gluconic acid) and gives rise to Gluconolactone (measuring substance in glucometer).
- Sugar Alcohols - Lacks an Aldehyde or Ketone; Reduction of Carbonyl Group (e.g. Mannitol, Sorbitol)
- Amino Sugar - Amino group replaces Hydroxyl; for cushioning
- Phosphorylated Derivative - Phosphate group + OH
- Glycosides - elimination of water between anomeric OH of monosaccharide and OH of another compound.
Mnemonic: D(e)rive Mono GASPaR
Differentiate the two types of Linkages in Oligosaccharides.
- O-Linkage - Oxygen linked to Serine or Threonine
- N-Linkage - Attached to either amino side of Asparagine
Mnemonic: OST NA
Blood Types and Oligosaccharides
- Type O - Fucose–Galactose–N-acetylglucosamine–Galactose
- Type A - N-acetyl galactosamine + O
- Type B - Galactose + O
- Type AB - Type A + Type B
Homopolysaccharides
- Cellulose (Beta 1,4) - Structural (Plants)
- Amylose (Alpha 1,4) - Food Storage (Plants)
- Glycogen (Alpha 1,4 with alpha 1,6 branches) - Food Storage (Animals)
- Amylopectin (Alpha 1,4 with alpha 1,6 branches) - Food Storage
Mnemonic: HOMO CAGAt labi
Heteropolysaccharides
- Hyaluronic Acid - Lubricant, Shock Absorbent and Water binding
- Chondratin-4-sulfate - Calcium, Cartilage, Bone
- Heparin - Anticoagulant
- Gamma-globulin - Antibody
- Blood Group Substance - Blood group Specificity
Mnemonic: HETERO: He(LAW) Couple (CC)! H(A)i Gf Bf!
What are Glycosaminoglycans?
- unbranched polysaccharides with repeating disaccharide sequences usually amino and uronic acid
- synthesized through sequential addition of disaccharide to protein
Types of GAGs and Their Localization
- Hyaluronate - Synovial Fluid, Humour, ECM of loose connective tissues
- Chondratin Sulfate - Cartilage, Bones, Heart, Cornea
- Heparan Sulfate - Basement membranes, Cell surfaces
- Heparin - intracellular granules in liver, lungs and skin
- Dermatan sulfate - Skin, Blood Vessels, Heart Valves
- Keratan sulfate - Corne Bone and Cartilage
Mnemonic: GAGa! Hate Cues. Hayop. Haliparot. Drama Ka
Main Functions of Carbohydrates.
- Energy
- Components of Nucleic Acids
- Signal Transduction
- Immune system
- Supporting structures
Mnemonic: ECSIS me CARBS.
