02 - Science of Human Movement Flashcards
Human movement science is the study of?
How the human movement system functions in an interdependent, interrelated scheme
The human movement system consists of?
The nervous, muscular and skeletal systems
What is the science of human movement called?
Kinesiology
What is kinesiology?
The study of human movement
What are biomechanics?
A physics term involving the study of how forces affect a living body
What is ground reaction force?
An equal and opposite external force that is exerted back onto the body by the ground.
What is quantitative analysis?
Taking physical measurements and making mathematical computations to reach a conclusion.
What is qualitative analysis?
Applying principles of proper technique and combining them with observations in order to make an educated evaluation.
What are the two sub-sciences (disciplines) underneath the umbrella of human movement science?
Kinesiology and biomechanics
What do the Greek words kinesis and logy mean?
Kinesis = to move
logy = to study
Should quantitative or qualitative analysis be used with athletes?
both for best results
What are the four planes of motion?
Sagittal, frontal, transverse and combined
The frontal plane splits the body how?
anterior and posterior. Splits body in two front and rear halves
The sagittal plane splits the body how?
coronal (splits body into left and right side).
The transverse plane splits the body how?
internal and external rotation
left\right spinal rotation
horizontal adduction\abduction
What are the main movement types performed in the frontal plane?
abduction and adduction
lateral flexion
eversion and inversion
What are the main movement types performed in the sagittal plane?
flexion and extension
What are the main movement types performed in the transverse plane?
axial, horizontal or longitudinal (upper and lower body halves): twisting, rotation, upper to lower
What are some exercises in the sagittal plane?
- Bicep curls
- Tricep pushdowns
- Squats
- Front lunges
- Calf raises
- Walking
- Running
- Vertical jumping
- Climbing stairs
What are some exercises in the frontal plane?
- Side lunges
- Side shuffling
What are some exercises in the transverse plane?
- Transverse plane Lunges
- Throwing
- Golfing
- Swinging a bat
Flexion occurs when the relative angle between two adjacent segments?
decreases
Extension occurs when the relative angle between two adjacent segments
increases
What is dorsiflexion of the ankle?
When the ankle is flexed towards the shin
What is plantarflexion of the ankle?
When the ankle is extended
What movements are occurring in the photo?
(A) Shoulder flexion. (B) Shoulder extension
What movements are occurring in the photo?
(C) Hip flexion. (D) Hip extension.
What movements are occurring in the photo?
(E) Spinal flexion. (F) Spinal extension.
What movements are occurring in the photo?
(G) Elbow flexion. (H) Elbow extension.
What movements are occurring in the photo?
(I) Knee flexion. (J) Knee extension.
What movements are occurring in the photo?
(K) Plantarflexion. (L) Dorsiflexion.
What movements are occurring in the photo?
(A) Hip abduction. (B) Hip adduction.
What movements are occurring in the photo?
(C) Shoulder abduction. (D) Shoulder adduction.
What movements are occurring in the photo?
(E) Eversion. (F) Inversion.
What movements are occurring in the photo?
(A) Spinal rotation. (B) Radioulnar supination.
(C) Radioulnar pronation.
What movements are occurring in the photo?
(D) Shoulder internal rotation. (E) Shoulder external rotation.
What movements are occurring in the photo?
(F) Hip internal rotation. (G) Hip external rotation.
What is a movement away from the midline of the body or, similar to extension, an increase in the angle between two adjoining segments only
in the frontal plane?
abduction
What is a movement of the segment toward the midline of the body or, like flexion, a decrease in the angle between two adjoining segments only in the frontal plane?
adduction
What are the three axes of motion?
anterior (front side) \ & posterior (rear side)
medial (towards mid-line) & lateral (away from mid-line)
longitudinal (running the length of the body)
Define a plumb line?
A vertical line of reference consisting of a cord with a plumb bob attached to one end
What are the three different kinds of muscle contractions?
isometric, concentric and eccentric.
Define a concentric contraction.
When the muscle force is stronger than the resistive force. (muscle shortens)
Define a isometric contraction.
When the muscle force is the same as the resistive force (muscle stays the same length)
Define a eccentric contraction.
When the muscle force is less than the resistive force (muscle lengthens)
Define force.
An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second
Formula for force?
force = mass x acceleration
What is mass?
the amount of matter in an object
What is acceleraton?
How fast the object is moving
What is weight?
The amount of force that gravity has on an object
What is matter?
A substance that takes up space
What is gravity?
A force that accelerates an object or mass downward towards the Earth’s center.
What is a length-tension relationship?
The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length.
This is where the myosin and actin myofilaments have the most possible cross bridges that can occur.
What is the force-velocity curve?
The relationship of muscle’s ability to produce tension at differing shortening velocities.
As a muscle concentric contraction increases, what happens to tension?
It decreases
When an eccentric contraction occurs, what happens to tension?
It increases
What is a force couple?
Synergistic action of multiple muscles to produce movement around a joint
What are the muscle actions?
concentric, isometric and eccentric
What are the muscle functions (types of movement classification)?
agonist, antagonist, synergist and stabilizer
What is arthrokinematics?
joint motion
Describe a class one lever?
The fulcrum is between the resistive load and the applied force. Ex. Teeter-totter
Describe a class two lever?
The load is between the applied force and fulcrum. Ex. Wheelbarrow
Describe a class three lever?
The force is between the load and the fulcrum. Ex. Lifting a shovel.
What type of levers are most muscles in the human body?
Class three
What is rotary motion?
Movement of the bones around the joints.
What is torque?
A force that produces rotation. Common unit of torque is the Newton-Meter or Nm.
How is torque typically measured?
In Newton-Meter (Nm).
What determines the efficiency of a muscle to manipulate movement against a load?
The amount of distance between the muscle and the resistance load.
How can torque be decreased when lifting weights (making the movement more efficient?
Move the weight closer to the point of rotation.
What is an agonist?
Muscles that act as prime movers. For example, the gluteus maximus is the prime mover for hip extension.
What is an antagonist?
Muscles that act indirect opposition to prime movers. For example, the psoas is antagonistic to the gluteus maximus.
What is a synergist?
Muscles that assist prime movers during functional movement patterns. For example, the hamstring and the erector spinae are synergistic with the gluteus maximus during hip extension.
What is a stabilizer?
Muscles that support or stabilize the body while the prime movers and the synergists perform the movement patterns. For example, the transverse abdominis, internal oblique, multifidus, and deep erector spinae stabilize the LPHC during functional movements while the prime movers perform functional activities.
What is the neuromuscular system?
A combined system of the nervous and muscular systems.
The nervous system controls what for muscles?
the timing and rate of a muscle action.
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
allows the body to remain upright, move its limbs, and absorb shock from external
forces.
What are the four behavioral properties of muscles?
- Extensibility
- Elasticity
- Irritability
- Ability to develop tension
What is muscle extensibility?
the muscle’s ability of being stretched or lengthened
What is muscle elasticity?
muscle’s ability to return to normal or resting length after it has been stretched
What is muscle irritability?
The muscle is able to respond to a stimulus
What is a muscle’s ability to develop tension?
The muscle can contract and move a produce movement at a joint.
What types of muscles are in the local muscle system?
Muscles located more centrally to the spine provide intersegmental stability (support from vertebrae to vertebrae). The local musculature system is comprised of muscles that provide joint support and stabilization.
What type of muscles are in the global muscle system?
responsible predominantly for movement and consist of more superficial musculature that originate from the pelvis to the rib cage and the lower extremities
What are the primary muscles of the local muscle system?
transverse abdominis, multifidus, internal oblique, diaphragm, and the pelvic floor muscles
What are the muscles of the LPHC?
includes muscles that either originate or insert (or both) into the lumbar spine.34,37 The major muscles include the transverse abdominis, multifidus, internal oblique, diaphragm, and the muscles of the pelvic floor
What are the primary muscles of the global muscle system?
rectus abdominis, external obliques, erector spinae, hamstrings, gluteus maximus, latissimus dorsi, adductors, hamstrings, quadriceps, and gastrocnemius.
What type of muscles are found in the global muscle system?
muscles are predominantly larger and associated with movement of the trunk and limbs that equalizes external loads placed upon the body. These muscles also are important in transferring and absorbing forces from the upper and lower extremities to the pelvis.
What are the four distinct movement subsystems?
the deep longitudinal, posterior oblique, anterior oblique, and lateral subsystems
What are the major contributors to the deep longitudinal subsystem?
erector spinae, thoracolumbar fascia, sacrotuberous ligament biceps femoris, and peroneus longus
What is the main purpose of the deep longitudinal subsystem?
a longitudinal means of reciprocal force transmission from the trunk to the ground.
What movement subsystem is displayed?
deep longitudinal subsystem
What movement subsystem is synergistic with the deep longitudinal subsystem?
Posterior Oblique Subsystem
What are the primary muscles in the Posterior Oblique Subsystem?
gluteus maximus and latissimus dorsi have attachments to the thoracolumbar fascia
What are the primary functions of the Posterior Oblique Subsystem?
The POS transfers forces from the transverse plane orientation to the sagittal plane providing propulsion.
The POS is also of prime importance for rotational activities such as swinging a golf club, a baseball bat, or throwing a ball
Responsible for pelvic rotation for walking.
What are the primary muscles in the Anterior Oblique Subsystem?
The prime contributors are the internal and external oblique muscles, the adductor complex, and hip external rotators.
What is the primary plane of motion for the anterior oblique subsystem?
transverse plane
What purpose of the anterior oblique subsystem?
aid in pelvic stability and rotation as well as contributing to leg swing.15,16,18,55 The AOS is also a factor in the stabilization of the sacroiliac joint.
AOS is necessary for functional activities involving the trunk, upper and lower extremities. The obliques, in concert with the adductor complex, not only produce rotational and flexion movements, but are also instrumental in stabilizing the LPHC.
Responsible for pelvic rotation for walking.
What subsystem is displayed?
Posterior Oblique Subsystem
What subsystem is displayed?
anterior oblique subsystem
What purpose of the lateral subsystem?
pelvo-femoral stability.
control the pelvis and femur in the frontal plane during single leg functional movements such as in gait, lunges, or stair climbing
What are the primary muscles in the lateral Subsystem?
gluteus medius, tensor fascia latae, adductor complex, and the quadratus lumborum
What is the primary plane of the transverse sub system?
all of which participate in frontal plane and pelvo-femoral stability.
What subsystem is displayed?
lateral
What is Motor behavior?
Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli. Is also the collective study of motor control, motor learning, and motor development
What is Motor control?
How the CNS integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experience to produce a motor response.
What is Motor learning?
The integration of motor control processes with practice and experience that leads to relatively permanent changes in the body’s capacity to produce skilled movements.
What is motor development?
The change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifetime.
Motor unit discharge rate?
The rate at which motor neurons discharge action potentials; also referred to as rate coding.
What is Proprioception?
The cumulative neural input from sensory afferents to the CNS.
What is the most important factor for most athletes (more important than maximal strength)?
Producing the most amount of power in the shortest amount of time possible.
Rate of force development is influenced by?
neural and muscular determinants.
What type of exercises can increase rate of force production?
plyometrics and explosive resistance training.
What are the bench press prime movers?
Pectoralis major
What are the bench press synergists?
Anterior deltoid
Triceps
What are the bench press stabilizers?
Rotator cuff
Biceps
What are the squat prime movers?
Quadriceps
Gluteus maxim
What are the squat synergists?
Ham strings
Adductor magnus
Gastrocnemius/soleus complex
Posterior tibialis
What are the squat stabilizers?
Flexor hallicus longus
* Posterior tibialis
* Anterior tibialis
* Soleus
* Gastrocnemius
Lumbo–pelvic–hip complex
* Adductor longus
* Adductor brevis
* Transverse abdominis
* Rectus abdominis
* Internal/external obliques
* Gluteus medius
Scapular stabilizers
* Trapezius
* Rhomboids
Cervical stabilizers
What is Sensorimotor integration?
The ability of the CNS to gather and interpret sensory information to execute the proper motor response.
What is Internal feedback?
Sensory information provided by the body via length–tension relationships, force–couple relationships and arthrokinematics to monitor movement and the environment.
What is External feedback?
Information provided by some external source.
What is Knowledge of results?
Feedback used after the completion of a movement to help inform the athlete about the outcome of his performance.
What is Knowledge of performance?
Feedback that provides information about the quality of the movement during exercise.
Training programs need to be designed to train and to reinforce what?
correct technique
What are some types of external feedback?
recording device, mirror, or heart rate monitor
What are some examples of knowledge of results?
The sports performance professional might inform the athlete their squats were “good” and ask if they could “feel” or “see” their form
What are some examples of Knowledge of performance?
An example would be a sports performance professional noticing that, during a squat, the athlete’s feet were externally rotated, the femurs were excessively adducting and then, asking if the athlete felt or saw anything different about those reps.
Or, to get younger athletes to absorb the shock of landing from a jump (and not land with extended knees that places the ACL in a precarious position), tell them to listen to the impact and land quietly effectively teaching the athlete to absorb the shock of landing.
How is external feed back useful?
Helps to identify performance errors, improve motivation and create awareness of the desired action.
What could happen if there is to much external feedback?
the athlete becomes dependent on it
__________ _____________ is the collective study of motor control, motor learning, and motor development
Motor behavior
