02 Human Anatomy and Restraint systems

Question 1

Head

Answer 1

Skull, Brain, Spinal cord, Scalp

Question 2

Head Injury:

Answer 2

Lineare loading: deformation - pressure waves - relative motion - pressure gradient
Rotatonal loading:
(+75% are concussions)

Question 3

Cervical Spine

Answer 3

lots of Movement

Question 4

Cervical Spine Injury

Answer 4

Compression
Excessive bending motion
Whiplash

Question 5

Thorax

Answer 5

Ribs, Sternum, Clavicle, Collarbone, Lungs, Heart, Liver

Question 6

Thorax Injury

Answer 6

Elastic (only arrow)
Viscous (only arrow with waves)
Inertial (two arrows)

Question 7

Pelvis

Answer 7

Sacrum, Coccyx, Hip bones

Question 8

Protection principles Head

Answer 8

1) avoid contacts with hard structures
2) avoid rapid change in head orientation

Question 9

Protection principles Thorax + Pelvis

Answer 9

3 point belt (main loads: collar bone, rib-cage, pelvis)

Question 10

Belt looking system

Answer 10

looks at low g (<0,25g)

Question 11

Restraint vs organs?

Answer 11

Restraint should not be stiffer than the loaded organ/ body part.

Question 12

Control Occupant Kinematics

Answer 12

1) avoid downward motion of pelvis
2) Torso pitch forward
3) minimize forward excursion

Question 13

Crash process

Answer 13

1) vehicle velocity change
2) Passenger velocity change
3) Passenger interacts with structure and restraints
4) acceleration of passenger
5) acceleration and contact loads introduces stresses and strains in passenger
6) vehicle structure may deform and crushes the occupant

Question 14

Graph Restraint system

Answer 14

unrestrained vs. restrained vs. restrained + pretensioner vs. restrained + pretensioner + load limiter

Question 15

Inflatable restraints

Answer 15

• fills space between occupant and vehicle
• Provides cushioning -> load limiter
• Distributes loads over lager area -> reduces stresses

Question 16

Graph vehicle deformation zones - side collision

Answer 16

x: Time
y: v
Impacting car: Starts high, slowly decreasing, ends in pos. middle
structure car: starts 0, slowly increasing, ends above impacting car
occupant(chest):starts 0, exponential increase, peaks over impacting car, than flattens

Question 17

Graph vehicle deformation zones - side collision - door pad

Answer 17

South Africa flag
Striking car
>—
struck car
Door and Dummy
____
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