02 Exploring with Graphs Flashcards
steps to conducting statistical analyses
- explore your data
- check assumptions
- conduct statistical tests
What is involved with exploring your data in conducting statistical analyses?
- graph data
- run descriptive statistics on data
types of graphs
- histograms
- boxplots
- bar charts
- line charts
- scatter plots
What are some uses for graphical representations of data?
- assess for normality of data
- assess for outliers
- assess for relationship or differences among groups/variables
What do histograms provide?
graphical displays of frequency distributions
usefulness of histograms
- assessing normality of data
- checking for outliers
types of histograms
- simple
- stacked
simple histogram
frequencies of scores for a single variable
stacked histogram
frequencies of scores in which each bar is split by group
When would you use a stacked histogram?
use when you have grouping variable
i.e. males vs. females
best graph to assess for outliers
boxplots
How do boxplots use median and inter-quartile range?
- median is the center of the plot surrounded by a box that shows the inter-quartile range
- Whiskers extend from the top and bottom of the box to reflect the most and least extreme scores
types of boxplots
- simple boxplot
- clostered boxplot
simple boxplot
- single variable
- different categories in the data (i.e. males and females)
clustered boxplot
two IVs (i.e. men and women in the traction vs. specific exercise groups)
What are bar charts used for?
- display means
- can be used with independent cases or dependent cases
types of bar charts
- simple bar charts for independent means
- clustered bar charts for independent means
- simple bar charts for related means
- clustered bar charts for mixed designs
simple bar chart for independent means
means of scores across different groups of cases
clustered bar chart for independent means
- two IVs with independent samples
- second IV is depicted using a different color or pattern
simple bar chart for related means
only one group which all experience different interventions or the same intervention repeatedly over time
clustered bar charts for mixed designs
- at least 1 IV measured using different groups AND
- at least 1 IV measured using the same sample
line charts
same as bar charts except with lines vs bars
types of line charts
- simple line
- multiple line
simple line chart
means of scores across different groups of cases
multiple line chart
- equivalent to clustered bar chart
- plot means a variable but with different colored lines for each level of a second IV
scatterplots assess
relationships between variables
- is there a relationship?
- what type of relationship?
- outliers?
scatterplots and score plotting
plots each person’s score on one variable against their score on another variable
types of scatterplot
- simple
- grouped
simple scatterplot
plot values of one continuous variable against another
grouped scatterplot
similar to a simple scatterplot except you can display values belonging to different groups in different colors or symbols
regression line
- depicts the overall mean of the data
- linear model (straight line)
direction of relationship between variables on scatterplots
- positive correlation
- negative correlation
- no correlation
