01- Normal Aspects of Articulation: Chapter 2 (BBF 7-29) Flashcards
Speech
organized set or system of sounds that are used to convey meaning
language
arbitrary system of signs or symbols used according to prescribed rules to convey meaning within a linguistic community
phonemes
when sounds are studied as part of the language system
linguistic perspective: phonemes
sound units related to decisions about meaning
phonemic transcription to phonetic
less detailed than phonetic transcription
phonetic transcription
sensitive to sound variations within a phoneme class
allophone
individual variant of a phoneme class
allophones in free variation
when they can occur in the same phonetic context
phoneme + phoneme
morphemes/ words
syntax of language
morphemes combined to into phrases and sentences according to grammatical rules
semantics of language
meaning ascribed to individual words
flow of how information is processed
cognitive, syntactic and semantic, phonologic, phonetic, (motor control, auditory) working memory
processing: cognitive level
where thought is initiated
processing: syntactic and semantic
syntax: ordering of words in sent.
semantic: selection of words
what limits or directs syntactic decision?
deciding on a particular syntactic structure for a sentence
lexicalization: semantic level
- selection of lexical concept
- phonologic specification
phonologic specification
specification of the word’s sound pattern
processing: phonetic level
specify phonetic goals
spatiotemporal goals
articulators moving to a certain space and it a certain time to meet the goal phoneme
processing: working memory
operational memory used to keep track of information involved in sentence production
controlled processing
makes demands on working memory
automatic processing
does not require allocation of working memory
which language processes are automatic?
syntactic, semantic, and phonologic
processing: channel a
information from touch and movement; connects motor control to working memory
processing: channel b
represents auditory feedback; connects auditory level with working memory
respiratory system (structure and function)
lungs, airway, rib cage, diaphragm; provides basic air supply for generating sound
larynx (structure and function)
various cartilages and muscles; generates voiced sounds of speech by vibration of the vocal folds/ allows air to pass from lungs to vocal tract for voiceless sounds
velopharynx (structure and function)
soft palate/ velum and associated structures of the velopharyngeal port; joins or separates the oral and nasal cavities so that air passes through either one or both cavities
tongue (structure and function)
a complex of muscles; principal articulator of oral cavity
five parts of the tongue
tip/apex, blade, back/dorsum, root, body
jaw (structure and function)
massive bony structure and its associated muscles; support the soft tissues of both tongue and lower lip, participates in speech production by aiding tongue and lip movements and by providing skeletal support
airflow of voiceless consonants
the continuous flow of air that is used to create noise energy in the vocal tract generated by the respiratory system and larynx
airflow of voiced consonants
respiratory system and larynx work together to create a series of pulses made by the vocal folds vibrating
what is involved in a full understanding of speech production?
phonology, articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, speech perception
phonology
the study of how sounds are put together to form words and other linguistic units
articulatory phonetics
study of how the articulators make individual sounds
acoustic phonetics
study of the relationship between articulation and the acoustic signal of speech
speech perception
study of how phonetic decisions are made from the acoustic signal
syllable nuclei
vowel
vocal folds vibrate to produce which sounds? are there exceptions to this?
voicing for vowels; whispered speech
vowel classification criteria
tongue advancement, tongue height, roundedness, tense vs. lax
rounded vowel phonemes
/u/ /ʊ/ /o/ /ɔ/ /ɝ/
produced with an open vocal tract and serve as the nuclei for syllable
diphthongs
consonants that have complete oral closure but have and open velopharyngeal port so that sound energy passes through the nose rather than the mouth
nasals
how are consonants classified?
manner of articulation, place of articulation, voicing
consonants made with narrow constriction so that the air creates a noisy sound as it rushes through the narrow passage
fricatives
consonants that are combinations of stops and fricatives
affricates
consonants that gradually change in articulatory shape while produced
glides
what are cognates
pairs of phonemes that differ only in voicing
what is dentalization?
context-dependent modification made of alveolar consonant production
what is the difference between light and dark /l/ phonemes?
also called prevocalic and postvocalic or front and back
linguodental contact vs linguaalveolar contact
