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English Vocabulary > 01-natural World > Flashcards

01-natural World Flashcards

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1
Q

Logging

A

Cutting trees

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2
Q

Crate

A

a large box made of wood or plastic that is used for carrying fruit, bottles etc

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3
Q

Swathe /sweɪð $ swɑːð,

A

a long thin area of something, especially land

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4
Q

Terrestrial

A

living on or relating to land rather than water

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5
Q

Aquatic

A

living or growing in water

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6
Q

Beneath

A

in or to a lower position than something, or directly under something SYN underneath:

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7
Q

Integrity

A

formal the state of being united as one complete thing:
the territorial integrity of the country

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8
Q

Amphibian /æmˈfɪbiən/

A

an animal such as a frog that can live both on land and in water

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9
Q

Canopy

A

1a cover made of cloth that is fixed above a bed, seat etc as a decoration or as a shelter
2the leaves and branches of trees, that make a kind of roof in a forest

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10
Q

Intact

A

Whole complete /adj/

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11
Q

Intercept

A

To catch; to interrupt the progress of something

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12
Q

Drip down

A

to fall in drops

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13
Q

Porous

A

allowing liquid, air etc to pass slowly through many very small holes:
porous material

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14
Q

In return

A

As a response or reward for something

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15
Q

Furrow

A

1a deep line or fold in the skin of someone’s face, especially on the forehead → wrinkle:
A deep furrow appeared between his brows.
2a wide deep line made in the surface of something, especially the ground:
the regular furrows of a plowed field
The river cuts a long straight furrow between the hills.

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16
Q

Fertile

A

Opp; infertile

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17
Q

Clay

A

a type of heavy sticky earth that can be used for making pots, bricks etc

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18
Q

Residue

A

[uncountable and countable] a substance that remains on a surface, in a container etc and cannot be removed easily, or that remains after a chemical process

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19
Q

Inhibit

A

Prevent

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20
Q

Algae

A

a very simple plant without stems or leaves that grows in or near water

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21
Q

Obliterate

A

Destroy completely

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22
Q

Drought

A

a long period of dry weather when there is not enough water for plants and animals to live

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23
Q

Basin

A

1British English a round container attached to the wall in a bathroom, where you wash your hands and face SYN sink:
a wash basin
2a large bowl-shaped container for liquids or food:
Fill the basin with the cake mixture.

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24
Q

Biodiversity

A

the variety of plants and animals in a particular place:

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25
Q

Inhabit

A

To live in

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26
Q

Fascinate

A

To interest greatly

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27
Q

Imperative

A

A priority
An urgent need

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28
Q

Evolve (v)

A

To develop and change

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29
Q

Breed

A

(of animals) mate and then produce offspring.
To reproduce

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30
Q

Optimal

A

Best
Most favourable

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31
Q

Hemisphere

A

One half of the earth

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32
Q

Windswept

A

Unprotected from the wind

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33
Q

Endure

A

To live under difficult conditions

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34
Q

Aspect

A

A part or feature

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35
Q

Feat

A

A difficult act or achievement

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36
Q

Nocturnal

A

Opp, diurnal

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37
Q

Obscure

A

To make difficult to see

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38
Q

Stray

A

To leave the correct route
To become separated from the group

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39
Q

Niche

A

if you find your niche, you find a job or activity that is very suitable for you:

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40
Q

Latitude

A

the distance north or south of the equator (=the imaginary line around the middle of the world), measured in degrees

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41
Q

Nest

A

a place made or chosen by a bird to lay its eggs in and to live in

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42
Q

Continent

A

a large mass of land surrounded by sea

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43
Q

Equator

A

an imaginary line drawn around the middle of the Earth that is exactly the same distance from the North Pole and the South Pole

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44
Q

Arctic

A

Opp; Antarctic

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45
Q

Altitude

A

the height of an object or place above the sea

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46
Q

Peak

A

the sharply pointed top of a mountain

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47
Q

Tundra

A

the large flat areas of land in the north of Russia, Canada etc, where it is very cold and there are no trees

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48
Q

Unerring/adj/

A

always right

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49
Q

Innate

A

intrinsic
eing part of the nature or character of someone or something OPP extrinsic

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50
Q

Constantly

A

Very often

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51
Q

Occupy

A

Exist in

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52
Q

Sparse/adj/

A

Small in number or amount

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53
Q

Swing

A

A sudden or big change

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54
Q

Fringe

A

The edge of something

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55
Q

Thrive

A

To grow well
plants that thrive in tropical rain forests
a business which managed to thrive during a recession

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56
Q

Resilient/adj/

A

Tough
Able to endure difficult conditions

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57
Q

Prolific

A

Producing a lot of something

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58
Q

Evaporation

A

The change from liquid to gas

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59
Q

Dilute

A

To make weaker by mixing with water

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60
Q

Determine

A

To decide

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61
Q

Accumulate

A

To gradually increase over time

انباشتن

1[transitive] to gradually get more and more money, possessions, knowledge etc over a period of time:
It is unjust that a privileged few should continue to accumulate wealth.
2[intransitive] to gradually increase in numbers or amount until there is a large quantity in one place:
Fat tends to accumulate around the hips and thighs.

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62
Q

Oasis /əʊˈeɪsəs, əʊˈeɪsɪs $ oʊ-/

A

Plural; oases
1a place with water and trees in a desert
2a peaceful or pleasant place that is very different from everything around it SYN haven

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63
Q

Extensive

A

large in size, amount, or degree

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64
Q

Pore

A

one of the small holes in your skin that liquid, especially sweat, can pass through, or a similar hole in the surface of a plant

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65
Q

Stem

A

the long thin part of a plant, from which leaves, flowers, or fruit grow SYN stalk

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66
Q

Gland

A

غده

67
Q

Saline

A

Salty

68
Q

Shrub

A

a small bush with several woody stems

69
Q

Occasional

A

happening sometimes but not often or regularly

70
Q

Barrier

A

a type of fence or gate that prevents people from moving in a particular direction

71
Q

Conservation

A

the protection of natural things such as animals, plants, forests etc, to prevent them from being spoiled or destroyed SYN preservation → conserve

72
Q

Infest

A

verb
(of insects or animals) be present (in a place or site) in large numbers, typically so as to cause damage or disease.
“the house is infested with cockroaches
Infestation (noun)

73
Q

Tide

A

جزرومد

74
Q

Ingest /ɪnˈdʒest/ verb

A

to take food or other substances into your body → digest

75
Q

Fatal

A

resulting in someone’s death

76
Q

Coincide

A

to happen at the same time as something else, especially by chance → coincidence

77
Q

Hedge /hedʒ/ noun [countable]

A

1a row of small bushes or trees growing close together, usually dividing one field or garden from another
2something that protects you against possible problems, especially financial loss
hedge against
Buying a house will be a hedge against inflation.

78
Q

Ranger

A

someone whose job is to look after a forest or area of countryside:
a park ranger

79
Q

Prey

A

Opp; predator

80
Q

Precise /prɪˈsaɪs/ adjectiv

A

1precise information, details etc are exact, clear, and correct SYN exact:
precise sales figures
It was difficult to get precise information.
‘She’s a lot older than you, isn’t she?’ ‘Fifteen years, to be precise.’
2[only before noun] used to emphasize that you are referring to an exact thing SYN exact:
At that precise moment, her husband walked in.
The precise cause of the disease is unknown.
the precise location of the ship
the precise nature of their agreement
3someone who is precise is very careful about small details or about the way they behave:
a precise careful woman
with precise movements of his hands

81
Q

Proliferate /prəˈlɪfəreɪt/ verb

A

It increases quickly and spreads to many different places
تکثیر شدن
Computer courses continue to proliferate.

82
Q

Incidentally

A

1[sentence adverb] used to add more information to what you have just said, or to introduce a new subject that you have just thought of SYN by the way:
Incidentally, where were you born?
The wine, incidentally, goes very well with a mature cheese.

2in a way that was not planned, but as a result of something else:
Quite incidentally, I got some useful information at the party.

83
Q

Pond

A

حوضچه

84
Q

Resurgence

A

the reappearance and growth of something that was common in the past
تجدید حیات

resurgence of
There has been a resurgence of interest in religion over the last ten years.
resurgence in
a resurgence in the popularity of 60s music

85
Q

Endorse

A

to express formal support or approval for someone or something
تایید

86
Q

Deliberately

A

Intentionally
از قصد

87
Q

Interim

A

1intended to be used or accepted for a short time only, until something or someone final can be made or found:
an interim report
He received an interim payment of £10,000.
An interim government was established.
2interim period the period of time between two events:
During the interim period, air quality has deteriorated.
موقت

88
Q

Strap (n)

A

a narrow band of strong material that is used to fasten, hang, or hold onto

89
Q

Lump

A

توده
1a small piece of something solid, without a particular shape:
Strain the custard to remove lumps.
lump of
Melt a lump of butter in your frying-pan.
2a small hard swollen area that sticks out from someone’s skin or grows in their body, usually because of an illness:
You should never ignore a breast lump.

90
Q

Shallow

A

Opp; deep

91
Q

Swamp

A

باتلاق

92
Q

Revert

A

Go back to
برگشت
The city reverted to its former name of St Petersburg.
After a few weeks, everything reverted to normal.

93
Q

Discard

A

Throw away
Discard any old cleaning materials.
discarded paper

94
Q

Fractured

A

Broken or cracked

95
Q

Hibernation

A

خواب زمستانی
Hibernate /v/

96
Q

expansion

A

when something increases in size, range, amount etc SYN growth → expand

97
Q

Spillage

A

ریزش
Spill ; pour

98
Q

Dispose

A

formal to arrange things or put them in their places:
Chinese vases are disposed around the gallery.
dispose of something phrasal verb
1to get rid of something, especially something that is difficult to get rid of:
an incinerator built to dispose of toxic waste
2to sell something, especially part of a business:
I am still not sure how best to dispose of the shares.
3 formal to deal with something such as a problem or question successfully:
Your idea at least disposes of the immediate problem.
4to defeat an opponent:
Two goals by Raúl disposed of Barcelona.

99
Q

Contaminate

A

To make a place or substance dirty or harmful by putting something such as chemicals or poison in it.

100
Q

Terrain /teˈreɪn, tə-/

A

A particular land
Rocky terrain

101
Q

Stallion

A

A male horse

102
Q

Mare

A

A female horse

103
Q

Foal

A

A young horse
colt, filly

104
Q

Harem /ˈhɑːrim, hɑːˈriːm $ ˈhɑːrəm, ˈher-/

A

1the group of wives or women who lived with a rich or powerful man in some Muslim societies in the past
2part of a Muslim house that is separate from the rest of the house, where only women live

105
Q

Herd

A

a group of animals of one kind that live and feed together → flock

106
Q

Horn

A

Antler

107
Q

Buzz

A

1 [countable] a continuous noise like the sound of a bee
buzz of
the buzz of mosquitoes
2[singular] a lot of activity, noise, and excitement
buzz of
the buzz of conversation and laughter
3[singular] informal a strong feeling of excitement, pleasure, or success, or a similar feeling from drinking alcohol or taking drugs:
Playing well gives me a buzz.
Neil gets a buzz from drinking one beer.
4give somebody a buzz informal to telephone someone:
I’ll give you a buzz on Monday.
5the buzz informal unofficial news or information that is spread by people telling each other → gossip, rumour

108
Q

Modest

A

1not proud someone who is modest does not want to talk about their abilities or achievements OPP immodest, boastful
modest about
He was always modest about his role in the Everest expedition.
You’re too modest! You’ve been a huge help to us.
2not big not very great, big, or expensive:
a modest increase in costs
She had saved a modest amount of money.
The new service proved a modest success.
a modest house with a small garden
his modest ambitions
3shy shy about showing your body or attracting sexual interest, because you are easily embarrassed OPP immodest:
She was a modest girl, always keeping covered, even in summer.
4clothes old-fashioned modest clothing covers the body in a way that does not attract sexual interest:
a modest knee-length dress
—modestly adverb:
‘I was just lucky,’ he said modestly.
modestly priced meals

109
Q

Abundant

A

فراوان

110
Q

Interpret

A

To explain the meaning of something

1[intransitive and transitive] to translate spoken words from one language into another:
They spoke good Spanish, and promised to interpret for me.
2[transitive] to believe that something someone does or something that happens has a particular meaning
interpret something as something
His refusal to work late was interpreted as a lack of commitment to the company.
3[transitive] to explain the meaning of something:
Freud’s attempts to interpret the meaning of dreams
4[transitive] to perform a part in a play, a piece of music etc in a way that shows your feelings about it or what you think it means

111
Q

Trek

A

a long and difficult journey, made especially on foot as an adventure SYN hike:
a lonely trek through the forest

112
Q

Grazing

A

چراه

113
Q

Pollinate

A

to give a flower or plant pollen so that it can produce seeds:
flowers pollinated by bees
—pollination /ˌpɒləˈneɪʃən, ˌpɒlɪˈneɪʃən $ ˌpɑː-/ noun [uncountable]

114
Q

Whilst /waɪlst/ conjunction British English formal

A

While

115
Q

From dawn to dusk

A

from early morning until night:
We worked from dawn to dusk, seven days a week.

116
Q

Lash /adj/

A

plants that are lush grow many leaves and look healthy and strong:
a lush green mountainous island
The fields were lush with grass and flowers.

117
Q

Concession

A

1-something you allow somebody [countable]
something that you allow someone to have in order to end an argument or a disagreement → concede
concession to
a policy of no concessions to terrorists
The British were not prepared to make any concessions.
concession on
his readiness to make concessions on many of the issues raised
concession from
We will try to force further concessions from the government.
major/important/substantial concession
The committee has won a number of major concessions from the prison authorities.
2- a right [uncountable and countable] a special right that a particular person or group of people is allowed to have, for example by the government or an employer, or the act of giving or allowing something as a right:
the ending of tax concessions for home owners
the import/export concessions that had been granted to the island
concession of
the concession of autonomy to the universities
3- price reduction [countable]
British English a reduction in the price of tickets, fees etc for certain groups of people, for example old people or children SYN reduction:
To qualify for travel concessions you have to be 60.
Open daily, adults £4, concessions £2 (=people who have the right to a concession pay £2)

118
Q

Glance

A

at first glance/sight when you first look at something:
At first glance, the place seemed deserted.
نگاه
برانداز

119
Q

Bill

A

منقار

120
Q

Flare out

A

if a piece of clothing flares out, it becomes wider at one end
flare out
The dress flares out from the hips.

121
Q

Beak

A

منقار

122
Q

Shovel

A

بیل

123
Q

Apt

A

be apt to do something to have a natural tendency to do something
SYN tend to:
Some of the staff are apt to arrive late on Mondays.

2exactly right for a particular situation or purpose SYN appropriate:
‘Love at first sight’ is a very apt description of how he felt when he saw her.

124
Q

Serration

A

دندونه

125
Q

Namesake

A

sb’s namesake
another person, especially a more famous person, who has the same name as someone:
Like his famous namesake, young Washington had a brave, adventurous spirit

126
Q

Imperil

A

o put something or someone in danger SYN endanger:
Tax increases now might imperil economic recovery.

127
Q

Hatch /v/

A

if an egg hatches, or if it is hatched, it breaks, letting the young bird, insect etc come out:
The eggs take three days to hatch.

128
Q

Wintry

A

1cold or typical of winter → summery:
a wintry day
wintry showers
2a wintry smile or expression is not very friendly

129
Q

Tidal /adj/

A

relating to the regular rising and falling of the sea → tide:
tidal currents

130
Q

Subsistence

A

1the condition of only just having enough money or food to stay alive:
Many of the families are forced to live at the subsistence level.
The land provided subsistence and little more.
2subsistence farming/agriculture etc farming that produces just enough food for the farmer to live on, but does not produce enough food to sell to other people
3subsistence allowance/payment etc money that is paid to someone so that they can buy meals, pay for a place to stay etc
امرار معاش
معیشت

131
Q

Intervention

A

the act of becoming involved in an argument, fight, or other difficult situation in order to change what happens:
government intervention to regulate prices
مداخله

132
Q

Patch

A

part of an area a small area of something that is different from the area around it
patch of
We finally found a patch of grass to sit down on.

133
Q

Predation

A

when an animal kills and eats another animal

134
Q

Donor

A

اهدایی

135
Q

Incubator

A

1 a piece of hospital equipment into which very small or weak babies are put to keep them alive and warm
2a heated container for keeping eggs warm until they hatch

136
Q

Stumbling

A

تلوتلو خوردن

137
Q

Biosecurity

A

things that are done to prevent diseases from spreading between people, animals, or crops:
Poultry producers have started to adopt strict biosecurity measures.

138
Q

Ornithologist

A

someone who studies birds

139
Q

Stronghold

A

an area where there are large numbers of a rare animal:
one of the last strongholds of the European wolf

140
Q

Herbivore /ˈhɜːbəvɔː, ˈhɜːbɪvɔː $ ˈhɜːrbəvɔːr, ˈɜːr-/

A

an animal that only eats plants → carnivore, omnivore
—herbivorous /hɜːˈbɪvərəs $ hɜːr-, ɜːr-/ adjective

141
Q

Intensify

A

to increase in degree or strength, or to make something do this:
In June the civil war intensified.
His mother’s death intensified his loneliness.
—intensification /ɪnˌtensəfəˈkeɪʃən, ɪnˌtensɪfəˈkeɪʃən/ noun [singular, uncountable]:
an intensification of fighting in the region

142
Q

Clump

A

1[countable] a group of trees, bushes, or other plants growing very close together
clump of
a thick clump of grass
in a clump
The roses were planted in clumps across the park.
2[countable + of] a small mass of something such as earth or mud
3[uncountable] the sound of someone walking with heavy steps:
I heard the clump of Ralph’s boots going up the stairs.

143
Q

Cultivate

A

1to prepare and use land for growing crops and plants:
The land was too rocky to cultivate.
2formal to plant and take care of a particular crop SYN grow:
We cultivated maize and watermelons.
Register
In everyday English, people usually say someone grows a crop rather than cultivates it:
They have been growing grapes there for hundreds of years.
3to work hard to develop a particular skill, attitude, or quality:
Try to cultivate a more relaxed and positive approach to life.
The company has been successful in cultivating a very professional image.
4to make an effort to develop a friendly relationship with someone, especially someone who can help you:
Professor Gladwyn would be an acquaintance worth cultivating.

144
Q

Pasture

A

1land or a field that is covered with grass and is used for cattle, sheep etc to feed on:
large areas of rough upland pasture
the lush pastures of the southern counties
2put something/somebody out to pasture
a)to move cattle, horses etc into a field to feed on the grass
b)informal to make someone leave their job because you think they are too old to do it well
3pastures new/greener pastures a new and exciting or better job, place, or activity – used humorously:
I’d like to say goodbye to Paul who leaves us for pastures new.

145
Q

Arable /ˈærəbəl/

A

relating to growing crops:
arable farming
arable land (=land that is suitable for growing crops)

146
Q

Solitary

A

Alone

147
Q

Mate

A

جفت گیری

148
Q

Seldom/adv/

A

very rarely or almost never:
Karen had seldom seen him so angry.

149
Q

Furry

A

Cover with fur

150
Q

Rear

A

to look after a person or animal until they are fully grown SYN raise:
It’s a good place to rear young children.
The birds have been successfully reared in captivity.

151
Q

Suckle

A

شیر دادن

152
Q

Wean

A

to gradually stop feeding a baby or young animal on its mother’s milk and start giving it ordinary food
wean somebody onto something
It’s time to start weaning her onto solid foods.

153
Q

Sprint

A

1to run very fast for a short distance → jog
sprint along/across/up etc
Bill sprinted up the steps.
2to ride, swim etc very fast for a short distance

154
Q

Turnaround /ˈtɜːnəraʊnd $ ˈtɜːrn-/

A

1the time it takes to receive something, deal with it and send it back, especially on a plane, ship etc:
The average turnaround for a passport application is six working days.
We must reduce costs and shorten turnaround times.
2a complete change from a bad situation to a good one
turnaround in
the remarkable turnaround in our economy

155
Q

Exploit

A

Verb form
1to treat someone unfairly by asking them to do things for you, but giving them very little in return – used to show disapproval:
Homeworkers can easily be exploited by employers.
2to try to get as much as you can out of a situation, sometimes unfairly:
The violence was blamed on thugs exploiting the situation.
3to use something fully and effectively:
The new TV companies are fully exploiting the potential of satellite transmission.
4to develop and use minerals, forests, oil etc for business or industry:
the urgent need to exploit the resources of the Irish Sea
—exploitable adjective
—exploiter noun [countable]
بهره برداری

156
Q

Thwart /θwɔːt $ θwɔːrt/

A

to prevent someone from doing what they are trying to do:
Fierce opposition thwarted the government’s plans.
thwarted ambition

157
Q

Plough

A

شخم زدن

158
Q

Agile /ˈædʒaɪl $ ˈædʒəl/ adjective

A

1able to move quickly and easily:
Dogs are surprisingly agile.
2someone who has an agile mind is able to think very quickly and intelligently:
He was physically strong and mentally agile.
—agility /əˈdʒɪləti, əˈdʒɪlɪti/ noun [uncountable]:
With surprising agility, Karl darted across the road.

159
Q

Marsh

A

مرداب

160
Q

Starvation

A

1[uncountable] suffering or death caused by lack of food → hunger:
people dying of starvation
2starvation diet informal when you eat very little food, especially to become thinner
3starvation wages extremely low wages

161
Q

Substantially/ adverb/

A

1very much or a lot SYN considerably:
substantially higher prices
The deer population has increased substantially in recent years.
2used to say that in many ways something is true, the same, different etc SYN essentially:
There are one or two minor differences, but they’re substantially the same text.

162
Q

Robust

A

1a robust person is strong and healthy:
a robust man of six feet four
2a robust system, organization etc is strong and not likely to have problems:
The formerly robust economy has begun to weaken.
3a robust object is strong and not likely to break SYN sturdy:
a robust metal cabinet
4showing determination or strong opinions:
a typically robust performance by the Prime Minister
5robust food or flavours have a good strong taste:
a robust cheese
—robustly adverb
—robustness noun [uncountable]

163
Q

Aesthetic /iːsˈθetɪk, es- $ es-/ adjective

A

connected with beauty and the study of beauty:
From an esthetic point of view, it’s a nice design.
a work of great aesthetic appeal
—aesthetically /-kli/ adverb:
aesthetically pleasing

English Vocabulary (13 decks)

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