Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

EMBRYO Exam #1- Lo > 01-23: Developmental Genetics > Flashcards

01-23: Developmental Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 categories of developmental molecules?

A
  • transcription factors
  • signaling molecules
  • receptor molecules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the Homeobox-containing transcription factors?

A
  • Hox genes
  • Pax genes
  • POU genes
  • Lim protein genes
  • Dlx genes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do transcription factors do?

A

turn genes on and off during different parts of development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the homeobox?

A

a highly conserved sequence of 180 nt that codes for the 60 amino acid homeodomain found in homeodomain transcription factor proteins

**homologous from one species to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where do homeobox containing genes play a major role in vertebrates?

A

with regard to cranio-caudal segmentation

-NOT ONLY along main body axis but within the development of many organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which direction are homeobox containing genes activated?

A

3’&raquo_space; 5’

**Opposite of transcription direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 2 types of homeobox mutations?

A
  • Loss of Function mutations

- Gain of Function mutations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the result of Loss of Function mutations of homeobox genes?

A

posterior&raquo_space; anterior transformations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the result of Gain of Function mutations of homeobox genes?

A

anterior&raquo_space; posterior transformations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which parts of Drosphila contain homeotic genes?

A
  • Antennapedia complex

- Bithorax complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do T-box (Tbx) genes contain?

A

a conserved T-box coding 180-200 amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do T-box genes do?

A

play a role in:

  • inducing the mesodermal germ layer
  • coordinating the outgrowth of the arm or leg
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do Helix-Loop-Helix genes code for?

A

basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors

**Basic regions of proteins bind to DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the helix-loop-helix genes involved in?

A
  • Homodimerization

- Heterodimerization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where are the helix-loop-helix genes important?

A

in myogenesis

**because they are involved in Homodimerization and Heterodimerization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are Forkhead (Fox) genes?

A

a type of helix-loop-helix family

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where are Fox genes expressed?

A

In many developing organs throughout the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are zinc-finger transcription factors?

A

protein that have zinc ions bound to the polypeptide chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do zinc-finger transcription factors cause?

A

the chain to form finger-like projections that can be inserted into the DNA helix

20
Q

What are the 2 zinc-finger transcription factor gene families?

A
  • Sox genes

- WT1

21
Q

What is the genetic hierarchy in Drosophila?

A
  • Maternal effect genes
  • Segmentation genes
  • Hometoic genes
22
Q

What are the 3 types of Segmentation genes?

A
  • gap genes
  • pair-rule genes
  • segment-polarity genes
23
Q

What are the 2 types of complexes of Hox genes (Homeotic genes)?

A
  • Antennapedia complex

- Bithorax complex

24
Q

What is the function of Maternal-effect genes?

A

establish gradients from Anterior and Posterior poles of the egg

25
Q

What is the function of gap genes (segmentation genes)?

A

define broad regions in the egg

26
Q

What is the function of pair-rule genes (segmentation genes)?

A

define 7 segments

27
Q

What is the function of segment-polarity genes (segmentation genes)?

A

define 14 segments

28
Q

What is the function of homeotic genes?

A

determine regional characterisitcs

29
Q

What are the representative genes of maternal-effect genes?

A 
bicoid
swallow
oskar
caudal
torso
trunk
30
Q

What are the representative genes of gap genes (segmentation genes)?

A 
empty spiracles
hunchback
kruppel
knirps
orthodenticle
tailless
31
Q

What are the representative genes of pair-rule genes (segmentation genes)?

A 
hairy
even skipped
runt
fushi tarazu
odd paired
odd skipped
paired
32
Q

What are the representative genes of segment-polarity genes (segmentation genes)?

A 
engrailed
gooseberry
hedgehog
patched
smoothened
wingless
33
Q

Steps of Drosophila Life Cycle

A

1- Sperm and egg nuclei fuse to create single-celled DIPLOID zygote

2- Multiple nuclear divisions create the syncytium (a single multinucleate cell)

3- Nuclei migrate to the periphery of the embryo and divide several more times creating Syncytial Blastoderm

4- Cell membrane grows around each nucleus, producing later of cells that surrounds the embryo (blastoderm cellular structure)

5- Nuclei at one end of blastoderm develop into pole cells (become primordial germ cells)

6- Dorsal protein becomes concentrated in the nuclei on the ventral surface

34
Q

Steps of Drosophila Axes and Segmentation

A

1- Anterior-Posterior and Dorsal-Ventral axes of embryo established

2- Number and orientation of body segments established

3- Identity of each individual segment established (by homeotic genes)

35
Q

Where is the bicoid mRNA localized?

A

at the anterior end of the egg

**becomes future anterior pole

36
Q

What does the bicoid protein form?

A

a gradient with high concentration at the ANTERIOR end

**Induces development of the anterior structures of the fly

37
Q

What are the Anterior/Posterior poles established by?

A

bicoid protein

38
Q

Where is the Nanos mRNA localized?

A

at the posterior end of the egg

39
Q

After fertilization, Nanos mRNA is translated into Nanos protein. Where is Nanos protein concentrated?

A

at the posterior end of the egg

40
Q

What does Nanos protein do?

A

inhibits formation of anterior structures

41
Q

How many segments make up the thoracic region?

A

3 segments

42
Q

How many segments make up the abdominal region?

A

8 segments

43
Q

What happens when there is a mutation in the even-skipped genes?

A

even-numbered segments are deleted

left with 1,3,5,7

44
Q

What happens when there is a mutation of gooseberry?

A

posterior half of each segment is replaced with the anterior half of the adjacent segment

45
Q

The first genes that are expressed are located on which end of the chromosome?

A

3’ end

46
Q

Steps of Drosophila development

A 
1- Single celled embryo
2- Egg-polarity genes
3- Determination of major body areas
4- Gap genes
5- Regional sections of embryo defined
6- Pair-rule genes
7- Individual segments defined
8- Segment polarity genes
9- Polarity of individual segments defined
10- Homeotic genes
11- Identity of individual segments defined

EMBRYO Exam #1- Lo (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions