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EMBRYO Exam #1- Lo > 01-12: Prep for Pregnancy > Flashcards

01-12: Prep for Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers of the uterus wall?

A
  • Myometrium

- Endometrium

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2
Q

What is the structure of the uterine endometrium?

A
  • Columnar surface epithelium
  • Uterine glands (secrete glycogen)
  • Connective tissue stroma (support framework)
  • Spiral arterioles
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3
Q

What are the 2 layers of the uterine endometrium?

A
  • Functional layer

- Basal layer

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of the functional layer of the uterine endometrium?

A
  • Undergoes most profound changes during the menstrual cycle

- Swept off during menstruation

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5
Q

What is the mucosal surface of the cervix characterized by?

A

numerous crypts (pockets that provide space for the sperm passing through the uterus)

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6
Q

What does the cervix epithelium produce?

A

glycoprotein-rich cervical mucous

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7
Q

Cervix mucous composition features

A
  • mucous composition varies throughout uterine cycle

- thinnest (most watery) mucous composition is around time of ovulation

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8
Q

What kind of epithelium lines the vagina?

A

Stratified, Non-keratinized squamous epithelium

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9
Q

What does the vaginal epithelium secrete?

A

glycogen (throughout the menstrual cycle)

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10
Q

What does the glycogen (secreted by the vaginal epithelium) do?

A

breaks down products that contribute to the vaginal fluid low pH

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11
Q

What is the pH of vaginal fluid?

A

4.3-4.4

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12
Q

What 4 hormones control the menstrual cycle?

A
  • FSH
  • LH
  • Estradiol
  • Progesterone
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13
Q

How many days is each menstrual cycle?

A

28 days

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14
Q

What controls the hormones of the menstrual cycle?

A

hypothalamus&raquo_space; anterior pituitary

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15
Q

What areas of the reproductive system are affected by the menstrual cycle hormones?

A
  • ovarian follicle

- uterine endometrium/myometrium

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16
Q

What are the 2 sub-cycles of the menstrual cycle?

A
  • Ovarian cycle

- Endometrial cycle

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17
Q

During which days does the follicular phase (ovarian cycle) occur?

A

Days 1-14

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18
Q

During which phase is there development of the mature Graafian follicle and secondary oocyte in the ovary?

A

Follicular phase of ovarian cycle

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19
Q

How does the Graafian follicle develop?

A

Hypothalamus&raquo_space; FSH-releasing factor&raquo_space; anterior pituitary&raquo_space; FSH production

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20
Q

Which hormone is responsible for the proliferation phase of the endometrium?

A

estradiol

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21
Q

What secretes estradiol?

A

granulosa cells of the developing follicle

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22
Q

On which day does ovulation occur?

A

day 14

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23
Q

What are the stimuli for ovulation?

A
  • Rise in FSH

- Sharp rise in LH

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24
Q

In what stage of the ovarian cycle is an egg released from the Graafian follicle?

A

ovulation

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25
Q

What surround the egg at ovulation?

A

the corona radiata (layer of follicle cells)

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26
Q

When is the egg arrested?

A

meiosis II (metaphase II)

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27
Q

When will the egg complete meiosis II?

A

fertilization

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28
Q

What accompanies the egg during the ovarian cycle?

A

polar body

  • very small
  • nucleated sister cell
  • product of meiosis I
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29
Q

What part of the follicle remains behind during ovulation?

A

the outer part of the Graafian follicle

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30
Q

What is the outer part of the Graafian follicle made of?

A

thecal cells

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31
Q

What cells secrete progesterone?

A

thecal cells

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32
Q

During which phase of the ovarian cycle do the residual theca and granulosa cells of the follicle (left over after ovulation) secrete estrogen and progesterone?

A

luteal phase

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33
Q

What forms the corpus luteum?

A

the residual theca and granulosa cells

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34
Q

Why are progesterone and estradiol necessary in the luteal phase?

A

to maintain the implantation of the fertilized oocyte

35
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?

A
  • corpus luteum regresses
  • decrease in progesterone
  • decrease in estradiol
  • result = beginning of next menstrual phase
36
Q

What is inhibin released by?

A

granulosa cells

37
Q

What does inhibin inhibit the secretion of?

A

gonadotropins (FSH)

38
Q

What causes the regression of the corpus luteum?

A

the inhibition of the secretions of gonadotropins (FSH)

39
Q

What does the endometrial cycle refer to?

A

cyclic changes in the endometrium

40
Q

How long does the endometrial cycle last?

A

28 days

41
Q

When does the endometrial cycle begin?

A

first day of menstruation

42
Q

When does the endometrial cycle end?

A

28 days after the start of menstruation

43
Q

What are the 3 phases of the endometrial cycle?

A
  • menstrual phase
  • proliferation phase
  • secretory phase
44
Q

What days are the menstrual phase?

A

Days 1-4/5

45
Q

What days are the proliferation phase?

A

Days 4-14

46
Q

What days are the secretory phase?

A

Days 15-28

47
Q

During which phase of the endometrial cycle does the endometrial build-up from the previous cycle slough off (menstrual flow)?

A

menstrual phase

48
Q

What does menstruation begin with?

A

1- vasoconstriction of the spiral arteries that have been supplying the endometrium

2- local ischemia

49
Q

What mediates the vasoconstriction of the spiral arteries of the endometrium?

A

prostaglandins

50
Q

What invades the area of the endometrium and continues the process of endometrial breakdown?

A

inflammatory cells

51
Q

What maintains the bleeding until the endometrial lining is sloughed off?

A

factors that inactivate the clotting process

52
Q

By day 14 in the proliferation phase, what does the endometrial thickness increase to due to endometrial growth?

A

1-2mm&raquo_space; 8-10mm

53
Q

What grows with the expanding endometrium in the proliferation phase?

A
  • BV

- Glands

54
Q

Where do cells that initiate endometrium growth come from?

A

the bases of the glands that formed in the previous endometrium that were deep enough to survive the loss of the previous endometrium

55
Q

What are the basal cells of the endometrium?

A

everything that doesn’t get sloughed off

56
Q

What is the proliferation phase in the endometrial cycle due to?

A

granulosa cells of the developing ovarian follicle secreting increased levels of ESTRADIOL

57
Q

When in the proliferation phase of the endometrial cycle is there a sharp rise in estradiol levels?

A

near the end of the proliferation phase

58
Q

In which phase of the endometrial cycle does the level of estrogen decrease and the endometrial growth stop?

A

secretory phase

59
Q

What happens to the mucous glands during the secretory phase of the endometrial cycle?

A
  • develop more fully

- begin secretion

60
Q

What do the spiral arterioles near the mucous glands do during the secretory phase?

A
  • expand

- heavily vascularize the area

61
Q

How is the secretory phase of the endometrial cycle controlled?

A

rising levels of progesterone secreted by granulosa and theca cells of the ovarian follicle

62
Q

What is the function of the endometrial cycle?

A

prepares the lining of the uterus to receive the fertilized egg

63
Q

On which day of the endometrial cycle does implantation of the fertilized egg occur?

A

7 days after ovulation

Day 21

64
Q

Stages if no fertilization occurs

A

1- decreased levels of estradiol and progesterone

2- vasoconstriction of spiral arterioles supplying endomtrium

3- endometrium sloughing off

4- beginning of next cycle

65
Q

All oogonia are committed to ______________ prior to birth

A

meiosis I

66
Q

How many oogonia cells are in the early female embryo?

A

7 million

67
Q

How many oogonia cells are there shortly after birth?

A

500,000

68
Q

How many eggs will actually be ovulated during a woman’s reproductive years?

A

400-450 eggs

69
Q

At menopause, there are no follicles left to produce _______ and _________

A

estradiol and progesterone

70
Q

In males, LH is secreted by the anterior pituitary and binds to LH receptors on the interstitial cells of __________________

A

Leydig

71
Q

What causes LH/FSH to be secreted by the anterior pituitary in males?

A

Hypothalamus&raquo_space; GnRH&raquo_space; Anterior pituitary&raquo_space; LH/FSH secretion

72
Q

What do the Leydig cells synthesize testosterone from?

A

cholesterol

73
Q

What carries testosterone to the sertoli cells and secondary sexual tissues?

A

the blood

74
Q

What does testosterone bind to on the sertoli cells?

A

cytoplasmic receptors

75
Q

What are the secondary sexual tissues for males?

A
  • prostate
  • seminal vesicle
  • epididymis
  • ductus deferens
  • penis
  • scrotum
76
Q

What does FSH bind to on the sertoli cells?

A

surface FSH receptors

77
Q

What are the functions of sertoli cells?

A
  • convert testosterone&raquo_space; estrogens (compared with granulosa cells)
  • synthesize Leydig cell stimulatory factor
  • produce androgen-binding protein
  • produce inhibin (compared with granulosa cells)
78
Q

What does the androgen-binding protein produced by the sertoli cells bind to?

A

testosterone

*Carried to the fluid part of the seminiferous vesicles

79
Q

What is the function of the androgen-binding protein?

A

important for aspects of spermatogenesis

80
Q

Males vs. Females

A
  • the systems are similar
  • responses to the systems are different
  • the receptors for hormones are located on different cells
81
Q

How do the testis continue to produce sperm throughout the lifetime of the individual?

A

because sperm cells responsible for the production of sperm (sptermatogonia cells) remain viable for the individual’s lifetime

82
Q

What is the fertilization age?

A

embryo age from time of fertilization

83
Q

What is the menstrual age?

A

embryo age from start of mother’s last menstrual period

84
Q

How many weeks greater is the menstrual age than the fertilization age?

A

2 weeks

EMBRYO Exam #1- Lo (12 decks)

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