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EMBRYO Exam #1- Lo > 01-12: Prep for Pregnancy > Flashcards

01-12: Prep for Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers of the uterus wall?

A
  • Myometrium

- Endometrium

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2
Q

What is the structure of the uterine endometrium?

A
  • Columnar surface epithelium
  • Uterine glands (secrete glycogen)
  • Connective tissue stroma (support framework)
  • Spiral arterioles
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3
Q

What are the 2 layers of the uterine endometrium?

A
  • Functional layer

- Basal layer

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of the functional layer of the uterine endometrium?

A
  • Undergoes most profound changes during the menstrual cycle

- Swept off during menstruation

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5
Q

What is the mucosal surface of the cervix characterized by?

A

numerous crypts (pockets that provide space for the sperm passing through the uterus)

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6
Q

What does the cervix epithelium produce?

A

glycoprotein-rich cervical mucous

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7
Q

Cervix mucous composition features

A
  • mucous composition varies throughout uterine cycle

- thinnest (most watery) mucous composition is around time of ovulation

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8
Q

What kind of epithelium lines the vagina?

A

Stratified, Non-keratinized squamous epithelium

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9
Q

What does the vaginal epithelium secrete?

A

glycogen (throughout the menstrual cycle)

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10
Q

What does the glycogen (secreted by the vaginal epithelium) do?

A

breaks down products that contribute to the vaginal fluid low pH

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11
Q

What is the pH of vaginal fluid?

A

4.3-4.4

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12
Q

What 4 hormones control the menstrual cycle?

A
  • FSH
  • LH
  • Estradiol
  • Progesterone
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13
Q

How many days is each menstrual cycle?

A

28 days

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14
Q

What controls the hormones of the menstrual cycle?

A

hypothalamus&raquo_space; anterior pituitary

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15
Q

What areas of the reproductive system are affected by the menstrual cycle hormones?

A
  • ovarian follicle

- uterine endometrium/myometrium

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16
Q

What are the 2 sub-cycles of the menstrual cycle?

A
  • Ovarian cycle

- Endometrial cycle

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17
Q

During which days does the follicular phase (ovarian cycle) occur?

A

Days 1-14

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18
Q

During which phase is there development of the mature Graafian follicle and secondary oocyte in the ovary?

A

Follicular phase of ovarian cycle

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19
Q

How does the Graafian follicle develop?

A

Hypothalamus&raquo_space; FSH-releasing factor&raquo_space; anterior pituitary&raquo_space; FSH production

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20
Q

Which hormone is responsible for the proliferation phase of the endometrium?

A

estradiol

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21
Q

What secretes estradiol?

A

granulosa cells of the developing follicle

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22
Q

On which day does ovulation occur?

A

day 14

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23
Q

What are the stimuli for ovulation?

A
  • Rise in FSH

- Sharp rise in LH

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24
Q

In what stage of the ovarian cycle is an egg released from the Graafian follicle?

A

ovulation

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25
What surround the egg at ovulation?
the corona radiata (layer of follicle cells)
26
When is the egg arrested?
meiosis II (metaphase II)
27
When will the egg complete meiosis II?
fertilization
28
What accompanies the egg during the ovarian cycle?
polar body - very small - nucleated sister cell - product of meiosis I
29
What part of the follicle remains behind during ovulation?
the outer part of the Graafian follicle
30
What is the outer part of the Graafian follicle made of?
thecal cells
31
What cells secrete progesterone?
thecal cells
32
During which phase of the ovarian cycle do the residual theca and granulosa cells of the follicle (left over after ovulation) secrete estrogen and progesterone?
luteal phase
33
What forms the corpus luteum?
the residual theca and granulosa cells
34
Why are progesterone and estradiol necessary in the luteal phase?
to maintain the implantation of the fertilized oocyte
35
What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?
- corpus luteum regresses - decrease in progesterone - decrease in estradiol - result = beginning of next menstrual phase
36
What is inhibin released by?
granulosa cells
37
What does inhibin inhibit the secretion of?
gonadotropins (FSH)
38
What causes the regression of the corpus luteum?
the inhibition of the secretions of gonadotropins (FSH)
39
What does the endometrial cycle refer to?
cyclic changes in the endometrium
40
How long does the endometrial cycle last?
28 days
41
When does the endometrial cycle begin?
first day of menstruation
42
When does the endometrial cycle end?
28 days after the start of menstruation
43
What are the 3 phases of the endometrial cycle?
- menstrual phase - proliferation phase - secretory phase
44
What days are the menstrual phase?
Days 1-4/5
45
What days are the proliferation phase?
Days 4-14
46
What days are the secretory phase?
Days 15-28
47
During which phase of the endometrial cycle does the endometrial build-up from the previous cycle slough off (menstrual flow)?
menstrual phase
48
What does menstruation begin with?
1- vasoconstriction of the spiral arteries that have been supplying the endometrium 2- local ischemia
49
What mediates the vasoconstriction of the spiral arteries of the endometrium?
prostaglandins
50
What invades the area of the endometrium and continues the process of endometrial breakdown?
inflammatory cells
51
What maintains the bleeding until the endometrial lining is sloughed off?
factors that inactivate the clotting process
52
By day 14 in the proliferation phase, what does the endometrial thickness increase to due to endometrial growth?
1-2mm >> 8-10mm
53
What grows with the expanding endometrium in the proliferation phase?
- BV | - Glands
54
Where do cells that initiate endometrium growth come from?
the bases of the glands that formed in the previous endometrium that were deep enough to survive the loss of the previous endometrium
55
What are the basal cells of the endometrium?
everything that doesn't get sloughed off
56
What is the proliferation phase in the endometrial cycle due to?
granulosa cells of the developing ovarian follicle secreting increased levels of ESTRADIOL
57
When in the proliferation phase of the endometrial cycle is there a sharp rise in estradiol levels?
near the end of the proliferation phase
58
In which phase of the endometrial cycle does the level of estrogen decrease and the endometrial growth stop?
secretory phase
59
What happens to the mucous glands during the secretory phase of the endometrial cycle?
- develop more fully | - begin secretion
60
What do the spiral arterioles near the mucous glands do during the secretory phase?
- expand | - heavily vascularize the area
61
How is the secretory phase of the endometrial cycle controlled?
rising levels of progesterone secreted by granulosa and theca cells of the ovarian follicle
62
What is the function of the endometrial cycle?
prepares the lining of the uterus to receive the fertilized egg
63
On which day of the endometrial cycle does implantation of the fertilized egg occur?
7 days after ovulation Day 21
64
Stages if no fertilization occurs
1- decreased levels of estradiol and progesterone 2- vasoconstriction of spiral arterioles supplying endomtrium 3- endometrium sloughing off 4- beginning of next cycle
65
All oogonia are committed to ______________ prior to birth
meiosis I
66
How many oogonia cells are in the early female embryo?
7 million
67
How many oogonia cells are there shortly after birth?
500,000
68
How many eggs will actually be ovulated during a woman's reproductive years?
400-450 eggs
69
At menopause, there are no follicles left to produce _______ and _________
estradiol and progesterone
70
In males, LH is secreted by the anterior pituitary and binds to LH receptors on the interstitial cells of __________________
Leydig
71
What causes LH/FSH to be secreted by the anterior pituitary in males?
Hypothalamus >> GnRH >> Anterior pituitary >> LH/FSH secretion
72
What do the Leydig cells synthesize testosterone from?
cholesterol
73
What carries testosterone to the sertoli cells and secondary sexual tissues?
the blood
74
What does testosterone bind to on the sertoli cells?
cytoplasmic receptors
75
What are the secondary sexual tissues for males?
- prostate - seminal vesicle - epididymis - ductus deferens - penis - scrotum
76
What does FSH bind to on the sertoli cells?
surface FSH receptors
77
What are the functions of sertoli cells?
- convert testosterone >> estrogens (compared with granulosa cells) - synthesize Leydig cell stimulatory factor - produce androgen-binding protein - produce inhibin (compared with granulosa cells)
78
What does the androgen-binding protein produced by the sertoli cells bind to?
testosterone *Carried to the fluid part of the seminiferous vesicles
79
What is the function of the androgen-binding protein?
important for aspects of spermatogenesis
80
Males vs. Females
- the systems are similar - responses to the systems are different - the receptors for hormones are located on different cells
81
How do the testis continue to produce sperm throughout the lifetime of the individual?
because sperm cells responsible for the production of sperm (sptermatogonia cells) remain viable for the individual's lifetime
82
What is the fertilization age?
embryo age from time of fertilization
83
What is the menstrual age?
embryo age from start of mother's last menstrual period
84
How many weeks greater is the menstrual age than the fertilization age?
2 weeks

EMBRYO Exam #1- Lo (12 decks)

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