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EMBRYO Exam #1- Lo > 01-06: Gametogenesis > Flashcards

01-06: Gametogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of Embryology?

A
  • descriptive

- experimental (developmental biology)

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2
Q

What is Ontogeny?

A

includes all developmental processes from conception to death

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3
Q

Process of Embryology

A 
1- Adult Male & Female
2- Gametogenesis
3- Fertilization
4- Fertilized egg
5- Cleavage
6- Blastulation (Blastula)
7- Gastrulation (Gastrula)
8- Neurulation (Neurula)
9- Morphogenesis (Tadpole)
10- Metamorphosis
11- REPEAT
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4
Q

What is Embryogeny?

A

the part of Ontogeny from conception to birth or hatching

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5
Q

What is determination?

A

cell or part of an embryo becomes restricted to a given developmental pathway

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6
Q

What is differentiation?

A
  • Complex of changes involved in progressive specialization of structure and function
  • Often resulting in the formation of luxury molecules
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7
Q

What are 2 types of growth?

A
  • Hyperplasia (increase in cell numbers)

- Hypertrophy (increase in cell size)

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8
Q

What is morphogenesis?

A
  • generation of form

- assumption of new shape

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9
Q

What is induction?

A

effect one embryonic tissue (inducer) has upon another (responder) such that the development course of the responding tissue is qualitatively changed from what it would have been in the absence of the inductor

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10
Q

What is integration?

A

different tissues are brought together and combined to form organs and tissues

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11
Q

What is the general rule about an organism’s genetic constitution?

A

An organism’s genetic constitution (intrinsic factors) establishes limits within which environmental factors (extrinsic factors) can operate

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12
Q

What are the 4 phases of gametogenesis?

A

1- Extraembryonic origin of germ cells and their migration into the gonads

2- Increase in number of germ cells by mitosis

3- Reduction in chromosomal number by meiosis

4- Structural and functional maturation of the eggs and spermatozoa

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13
Q

When is the first appearance of germ cells in human embryogenesis?

A

24 days after fertilization

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14
Q

Where is the first appearance of germ cells located in human embryogenesis?

A

endodermal layer of yolk sac

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15
Q

What is the migration route for germ cells?

A

yolk sac&raquo_space; hindgut epithelium&raquo_space; through dorsal mesentery&raquo_space; into developing gonads

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16
Q

What are teratomas?

A

growths from misdirected migrating primordial germ cells

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17
Q

What do teratomas contain?

A

mixtures of highly differentiated tissues

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18
Q

What is the difference between males and females for gametogenesis?

A

Males = spermatogenesis (Spermatozoa)

Females = oogenesis (Eggs)

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19
Q

What are the 2 major events in meiosis?

A
  • pairing of homologous chromosomes (synapsis)

- crossing over

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20
Q

Meiosis requires ______ consecutive cell divisions BUT only _____ cycle of DNA replication

A

2 divisions

1 cycle

2x2 = 4/2 (Meiosis I)= 2/2 (Meiosis II) = 1

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21
Q

What are the 2 major results of meiosis?

A
  • increase in cell numbers sometimes
  • daughter cells NOT genetically identical
  • daughter cells are HAPLOID
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22
Q

What happens in Leptotene of Prophase I?

A
  • Chromosomes = threadlike
  • Each chromosome = 2 chromatids
  • Chromosomes begin to coil
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23
Q

What happens in Zygotene of Prophase I?

A
  • Homologous chromosomes pair (synapsis)

- Synaptonemal complex forms

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24
Q

What happens in Pachytene of Prophase I?

A
  • Max coiling
  • Tetrads
  • Crossing over begins
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25
Q

What happens in Diplotene of Prophase I?

A
  • Crossing over continues

- Chiasmata = well defined

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26
Q

What happens in Diakinesis of Prophase I?

A
  • Crossing over = complete
  • Terminalization
  • Spindle apparatus is in place
  • Nuclear membrane = disrupted
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27
Q

What happens in Metaphase I?

A
  • Tetrads line up along equatorial plate

- Centromeres DO NOT divide

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28
Q

What happens in Anaphase I?

A
  • Homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles
  • Each homologue = 2 chromatids
  • Chromatids = NOT genetically identical (crossing over)
  • Daughter cells = HAPLOID
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29
Q

What happens in Telophase I?

A
  • Cytokinesis occurs
  • Nuclear membranes reform
  • Spindle apparatus = disassembles
  • Chromosomes = Uncoil to varying degrees
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30
Q

What happens in Prophase II?

A
  • Chromosomes condense again
  • Nuclear membranes = disappear
  • Spindle apparatus = reforms
  • Each chromosome = 2 chromatids
  • Each daughter cell = one complete set of chromosomes (HAPLOID)
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31
Q

What happens in Metaphase II?

A
  • Chromosomes line up on equatorial plate

- Centromeres = divide

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32
Q

What happens in Anaphase II?

A
  • Chromosomes = move to opposite poles

- Each chromosome= single chromatid

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33
Q

What happens in Telophase II?

A
  • Chromosomes = uncoil
  • Cytokinesis = complete
  • Nuclear membranes = reform
  • End result = 4 genetically unique HAPLOID daughter cells
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34
Q

Which cells are reproductive (somatic cells or germ cells)?

A

germ cells

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35
Q

What is the result of nondisjunction?

A

Aneuploidy (abnormal number of chromosomes)

  • Monosomy
  • Trisomy
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36
Q

What changes can occur in part of a chromosome?

A
  • Translocations
  • Deletions
  • Inversions
  • Duplications
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37
Q

What are 3 changes in the number of complete sets of chromosomes?

A
  • Monoploidy (single set)
  • Diploidy (2 complete sets)
  • Polyploidy (2+ complete sets)
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38
Q

Which change in number of complete sets of chromosomes is common for plants but uncommon for animals?

A

polyploidy

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39
Q

Where do the female and male primordial germ cells develop?

A

at a site distant from the gonads

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40
Q

Where do the female primordial germ cells migrate to?

A

developing ovaries (become oogonia)

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41
Q

What do all oogonia develop into during the early embryo?

A

primary oocytes

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42
Q

What does the chromosomal complement mean (2n, 2c)?

A

ploidy, DNA compliment

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43
Q

When do the primary oocytes begin the process of meiosis and reach the Diplotene stage of meiosis?

A

before or shortly after birth

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44
Q

How many germ cells are present in at embryonic midterm in humans?

A

7 million

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45
Q

How many germ cells are present at birth in humans?

A

2 million

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46
Q

How many female germ cells will survive to puberty?

A

400,000

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47
Q

At which stage of meiosis will the female germ cells become arrested?

A

Diplotene

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48
Q

When will some of the oocytes resume meiosis until the second metaphase?

A

After puberty, at beginning of each menstrual cycle

Diplotene&raquo_space; Puberty&raquo_space; Second metaphase&raquo_space; ovulated

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49
Q

How many oocytes will be ovulated?

A

400

50
Q

Most of the oocytes ovulated will be _________

A

atretic (degenerate/reabsorbed)

51
Q

What is the follicular structure during the fetal period?

A
  • Diploid oogonium = NOT surrounded by follicle cells
  • NO follicle
  • 1 chromatid/chromosome

**Hasn’t undergone replication phase

52
Q

What is the follicular structure during the later fetal period through birth?

A
  • Diploid primary oocyte
  • Primordial follicle with few flattened follicle cells
  • 2 chromatids/chromosomes

**Has undergone replication

53
Q

What is the follicular structure from Birth to Puberty?

A
  • Diploid primary oocyte
  • Primary follicle
  • Single layer of cuboidal follicle cells
  • Microvilli and Gap junctions connect oocyte and follicle cells
  • ZP separates primary oocyte from follicular cells
  • 2 chromatids/chromosomes

**Primary oocyte has undergone replication

54
Q

When is the follicular structure a diploid primary oocyte?

A
  • Later fetal period
  • Through birth
  • Puberty
  • After puberty (sometime)
55
Q

What do the microvilli and gap junctions do?

A

help drive oocyte through meiosis

56
Q

When is there a secondary follicle with multiple layers of follicle cells and the beginning of antrum formation?

A

After puberty

57
Q

When does the membrana granulosa surround the outside of the follicle?

A

After puberty

58
Q

When is the follicle structure 2 chromatids/chromosome?

A
  • Later fetal period through birth
  • Birth to puberty
  • After puberty
  • Ovulation
59
Q

What does theca mean?

A

coat

60
Q

What is the antrum?

A

fluid filled cavity

61
Q

When is there a haploid secondary oocyte + haploid polar body (discarded)?

A

After puberty

62
Q

When it the follicle structure tertiary with multiple layers of follicle cells, corona radiate, and large antrum?

A

After puberty

63
Q

What are the mural granulosa cells?

A

cells between membrana granulosa and antrum

64
Q

What cells are between the ZP and antrum?

A

cumulus cells

65
Q

When is there a haploid secondary oocyte with corona radiate and theca cells + haploid polar body?

A

ovulation

66
Q

During ovulation, what do the granulosa cells develop?

A
  • FSH receptors

- LH receptors

67
Q

What phase is meiosis arrested in during ovulation?

A

metaphase II

68
Q

What shuts down gap junctions between granulosa cells and oocyte?

A

LH surge of ovulation

69
Q

What happens when the cAMP concentration is reduced during ovulation?

A

MPF is activated (can now drive cell through meiosis)

**MPF has been inactive by cAMP until this point.

70
Q

What are the 8 components of the tertiary (Graafian) follicle?

A

(External&raquo_space; Internal)

  • Theca externa
  • Theca interna
  • Membrana granulosa
  • Mural granulosa cells
  • Antrum
  • Cumulus (oophorus) cells
  • ZP
  • Oocyte

EIMMACZO

71
Q

Which tertiary follicle component secretes testosterone?

A

theca interna with LH receptors

72
Q

Which tertiary follicle component produces angiogenesis factor?

A

theca externa

**Promotes formation of BV that will mature the follicle

73
Q

Which tertiary follicle component develops FSH receptors and synthesizes aromatase in response to FSH?

A

Mural granulosa cells

74
Q

What does aromatase do?

A

converts testosterone&raquo_space; 17b-estradiol

75
Q

What do estrogens do to granulosa cells?

A

stimulate formation of LH receptors on granulosa cells

76
Q

Which tertiary follicle component will facilitate release of ovum at ovulation?

A

Cumulus (oophorus) cells

corona radiata

77
Q

Which tertiary follicle component is involved in fertilization?

A

ZP

78
Q

What separates the corona radiata from the oocyte?

A

ZP

79
Q

Where does the tertiary follicle project from?

A

the surface of the ovary

80
Q

How many days does it take to develop the tertiary follicle from the primordial follicle?

A

9 days

81
Q

What will the egg have given off at the end of meiosis II once the egg is fertilized?

A

a second haploid polar body

**first polar body may also divide (theoretically)

82
Q

What happens after fertilization?

A
  • completion of meiosis II
  • Fertilized ovum + second polar body
  • 1 chromatid/chromosome
83
Q

What phase does ovulation occur?

A

metaphase II

84
Q

What happens after all oocytes are lost?

A

menopause

85
Q

What are the 2 factors leading to meiotic arrest at the Diplotene stage of meiosis?

A
  • High [cAMP] from oocyte and follicular cells

- cGMP from follicular cells that inactivate phosphodiesterase 3A in oocyte

86
Q

What does the high [cAMP] from the oocyte and follicular cells do?

A
  • inactivates MPF (maturation promoting factor)

- leads to meiotic arrest

87
Q

What does the inactivation of phosphodiesterase 3A in the oocyte do?

A
  • prevents conversion of cAMP&raquo_space; 5’AMP

- maintains high [cAMP]

88
Q

What is heterosynthesis?

A
  • accumulation of materials from external sources

- via Follicle/Nurse cells

89
Q

Where is yolk manufactured?

A

liver

90
Q

What is autosynthesis?

A
  • accumulation of materials from the oocyte itself (produces own materials)
  • via Lampbrush chromosomes
  • gene amplification (rRNA genes)
91
Q

What are lampbrush chromosomes?

A
  • condensed chromosomes
  • cannot transcribe RNA
  • sends out loops of DNA in extended state
  • can carry out RNA synthesis in the period that the rest of chromosome is condensed
92
Q

What is the corona radiate?

A

layer of follicle cells surrounding oocyte

93
Q

How does the corona radiata interact with the oocyte?

A
  • microvilli

- gap junctions

94
Q

What is the ZP?

A

non-cellular membrane

95
Q

What secretes the ZP?

A
  • corona radiata

- oocyte

96
Q

What are cortical granules?

A

membrane-bound organelles

0.5-2-20u

97
Q

Where are cortical granules found?

A
  • frogs
  • echinoderms
  • teleosts
  • bivalve molluscs
  • hamster
  • human
  • rabit
98
Q

Where are cortical granules NOT found?

A
  • urodeles
  • birds
  • insects
  • guinea pig
  • rat
99
Q

What forms the cortical granules?

A

RER and Golgi

100
Q

What side of the plasmalemma are the cortical ganules associated with?

A

cytoplasmic side of plasmalemma

101
Q

What are the stages of ovulation?

A

LH surge&raquo_space; LH binds to receptor sites on follicle cells&raquo_space; Adenyl cyclase activated&raquo_space; Follicle cells secrete progesterone&raquo_space; Collagenase enzyme activated&raquo_space; Oocyte and Corona radiata released

102
Q

What are the stages of spermatogenesis?

A

(1) Primordial germ cells (2N)
(2) Spermatogonia (2N)
(3) (MI) Primary spermatocytes (2N)
(4) (MII) Secondary spermatocytes (N x 2 cells)
(5) Spermatids (N x 4 cells)

103
Q

What are the 2 types of spermatogonia?

A
  • Type A

- Type B

104
Q

When do Type B spermatogonia leave the mitotic cycle and enter the meiotic cycle?

A

under influence of retinoic acid

105
Q

What makes up the testis?

A
  • Primitive sex cords
  • Seminiferous tubules
  • Cells of Leydig (interstitial cells)
106
Q

What 2 types of cells do the seminiferous tubules contain?

A
  • Spermatogonia cells

- Sertoli cells

107
Q

What do the cells of Leydig produce?

A

testosterone

108
Q

What are the 4 phases of Spermiogenesis?

A
  • Golgi phase
  • Cap phase
  • Acrosomal phase
  • Maturation phase
109
Q

In what phase of Spermiogenesis are there Proacrosomal and Acrosomal vesicles?

A

Golgi phase

110
Q

In what phase of Spermiogenesis does the mature acrosome form a cap over the nucleus?

A

Cap phase

111
Q

in what phase of Spermiogenesis is there completion of flagellum and nuclear condensation?

A

maturation phase

112
Q

In which phase of Spermiogenesis is there rotation of sperm so that the acrosomal pole faces the wall of the seminiferous tubule (causes the cytoplasm to be displaced toward the tail)?

A

acrosomal phase

113
Q

During Spermiogenesis, what are the acrosomal enzymes synthesized under the influence of?

A

mRNA that was synthesized during the pre-Leptotene stage of meiosis

114
Q

What are some of the acrosomal enzymes?

A
  • Hyaluronidase
  • Zona lysin (in mammalian sperm)
  • Phospholipids
  • Carbohydrates
115
Q

What are sperm histones called?

A

proamines

116
Q

What are Sertoli cells also called?

A

sustentacular cells

117
Q

What are the 6 main functions of Sertoli cells?

A

1- Physical support and maintenance

2- Maintain and coordinate spermatogenesis

3- Secrete estrogen, inhibin, and anti-Mullerian factor

4- Maintain blood-testis barrier

5- Secrete tubular fluid

6- Phagocytize residual bodies of sperm cells

118
Q

What is the blood-testis barrier?

A
  • formed by sertoli cells

- immunological barrier between the forming sperm cells and the rest of the body and spermatogonia

119
Q

What binds the apical surfaces of Sertoli cells to late spermatids?

A

surface adhesion complexes

120
Q

What breaks down and releases spermatids into the lumen?

A

surface adhesion complexes

121
Q

What breaks down the tight-junctional proteins of the blood-testis barrier and allows the developing spermatocytes to move closer to the lumen?

A
  • laminin fragments from surface adhesion complexes
  • cytokines
  • proteinases
122
Q

Which hormone stimulates the formation of a new blood-testis barrier closer to the basal lamina?

A

testosterone

EMBRYO Exam #1- Lo (12 decks)

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