...

Question 1

Factors that influence the degree of harm done by various parasites are as follows;

Answer 1

1. Number of parasites present
2. Location of the Parasites
3. Nature of their food
4. Movements of parasites
5. Age of the host
6. Virulence of parasites

Question 2

Effects of Parasitic Life on the Parasites

Answer 2

✓ Loss of certain sense organs
✓ Loss of wings
✓ Loss of alimentary canal
✓ Special development of some organs and adhesion
✓ Special development of organ of reproduction for fecundity
✓ Sexual dimorphism
✓ Complex life-cycle
✓ Multiplication in Intermediate host
✓ Greatly altered metabolism
✓ Stay dormant/inhibited state in unnatural host

Question 3

PATHOGENICITY and PATHOGENIC EFFECTS; Parasites harm their host in any of the following ways:

Answer 3

1. Absorbing part of the digested nutrients, vitamins, minerals
2. Sucking blood or lymph
3. Feeding on the tissues of the host
4. Causing mechanical obstruction or pressure
5. Causing growth of nodules and tumors
6. Perforating blood vessels
7. Causing wounds
8. Destruction of tissues
9. Irritation and annoyance
10. Secretion of toxins and other harmful substances
11. Transmitter of the causal agents
12. Reducing the resistance of the host
13. Causing allergy
14. Serving as intermediate host
15. Abortion, infertility, lowered productive performance
16. Decrease feed conversion

Question 4

Secretion of toxins and other harmful substances;

Answer 4

✓ anti-digestive enzymes
✓ Digestive enzymes harmful to host tissues
✓ Anticoagulatory and Hemolytic enzymes
✓ Other secretions and excretion and body fluids

Question 5

Resistance to parasites is also influenced by some factors as follows;

Answer 5

✓ nutrition
✓ age of the host
✓ vitamins
✓ general condition of the host

Question 6

Manifestations referred to as?

Answer 6

allergy, anaphylaxis, serum, sickness, atrophy, and contact dermatitis

Question 7

Eye spots in some external parasites
e.g Melophagus ovinus

Answer 7

Loss of certain sense organs

Question 8

Eye spots in some external parasites
e.g Melophagus ovinus

Answer 8

Loss of certain sense organs

Question 9

Eye spots in some external parasites
e.g Melophagus ovinus

Answer 9

loss of certain sense organs

Question 10

loss of wings example

Answer 10

bedbugs and lice

Question 11

loss of alimentary canal

Answer 11

tapeworms

Question 12

which is normally in the kidneys can be found in the liver or lungs of cattle

Answer 12

Stephanurus dentatus

Question 13

are often erratic

Answer 13

incidental parasites

Question 14

example of incidental parasites

Answer 14

Fasciola hepatica (normally in the liver)

Question 15

in general species of parasite associates only with one species of host (host specific)

Answer 15

Pediculus capitis in man

Question 16

if a parasite has more than one host, these host are usually closely associated

Answer 16

Ascaridia galli in chickens, turkey, and pigeons

Question 17

Few parasites can live in a variety or in a wide range of hosts

Answer 17

Trichinella spiralis in man, pig, cat, rats and birds

Question 18

where the parasite is able to develop up to sexual maturity and lives normally in it.

Answer 18

natural host of a parasite

Question 19

If in unsuitable host, the parasite does not reach sexual maturity. Each species of parasite has its predilection site in or on the host. called?

Answer 19

organ specificity

Question 20

3 examples of organ specificity

Answer 20

✓ Heterakis gallinae in the ceca of chicken
✓ Stephanurus dentatus in the kidneys
✓ Matastrongylus spp. in the lungs of pigs

Question 21

Kinds of immunity

Answer 21

1. Natural immunity
2. Acquire immunity
3. Age Resistance
   True age immunity

Question 22

presence of natural antibodies (normally produced against bacteria viruses) Many parasites of man do not occur spontaneously in animals. Blacks (Aetas) are more resistant tha whites (Lowlanders) to hookworms and vivax malaria

Answer 22

Natural Immunity

Question 23

good feeding with balanced ration is one of the best prophylaxis against parasitic infection.

Answer 23

nutrition

Question 24

the presence slow grade infection precludes succeeding infections.
example: BABESIOSIS

Answer 24

Preimmunition or pre-immunity

Question 25

what is an intermediate host?

Answer 25

need for certain development

Question 26

Factors of phagocytic activity of corpuscular elements, tissue resistance

Answer 26

body temperature, action of digestive juice, impenetrability of skin, physical well being

Question 27

the complex antigenic structure pf parasites gives rise to many antibodies such as?

Answer 27

agglutinins, preciptins, lysins, and toxins, and protective antibodies

Question 28

the body fluids contain antibodies that destroy parasites, inhibit their development or neutralize toxins.

Answer 28

Humoral immunity

Question 29

comprises phagocytosis by leukocytes (Macrophages) epsonins, tropins and other immune bodies stimulate phagocytosis.

Answer 29

Cellular immunity

Question 30

is a phase of general immunity presents a barrier to the spread and development of the parasite

Answer 30

Local immunity

Question 31

is a state abnormally exaggerated response to the injection of or contact with antigen which may be severe or fatal

Answer 31

supersensitivity

Question 32

manifestations are referred to as?

Answer 32

allergy, anaphylaxis, serum, sickness, atrophy, and contact dermatitis

Question 33

referred to as allergy, anaphylaxis, serum, sickness, atrophy, and contact dermatitis

Answer 33

manifestations

Question 34

Some evidences of resistance/immunityof host to parasites

Answer 34

1. stunted or inhibited development of parasite
2. Decrease egg production in the parasite
3. Slow multiplication of the parasite
4. Decrease number of parasite reaching maturity
5. Decrease motility of parasite
6. Complete protection of the host