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1
Q

RANGE OF MOTION:

FOOT AND ANKLE

A
  • Ankle Dorsiflexion 20
  • Ankle Plantarflexion 50
  • Subtalar Inversion 5
  • Subtalar Eversion 5
  • 1st MTP Joint Flexion
  • 1st MTP Joint Extension
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2
Q

Bony Palpation: SHOULDER

A
  1. Sternoclavicular Articulation
  2. Clavicle
  3. Coracoid Process
  4. Acromioclavicular Articulation
  5. Acromion
  6. Greater Tuberosity of the Humerus
  7. Bicipital Groove
  8. Lesser Tuberosity of the Humerus
  9. Spine of the Scapula
  10. Body of Scapula
  11. Scapulothoracic Articulation
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3
Q

BONY PALPATION:

FOOT AND ANKLE

A
  1. Calcaneus
  2. Sustentaculum Tali
  3. Medial Malleolus
  4. Lateral Malleolus
  5. Talus
  6. Navicular
  7. Cuboid
  8. 3 Cuneiforms
  9. 5 Metatarsals
  10. Metatarsophalangeal joints
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4
Q

Soft Tissue Palpation: SHOULDER

A
  1. Rotator Cuff Muscle: Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, Subscapularis
  2. Subacromial Bursa
  3. Subdeltoid Bursa
  4. Axillary Borders: Pectoralis Major, Serratus Anterior, Axillary Lymph Nodes, Latissimus Dorsi, Bicipital Tendon
  5. Prominent Muscles of Region: Sternocleidomastoid, Biceps, Deltoid as a whole, (anterior, middle and posterior portion of deltoid), Trapezius, Rhomboid (minor and major)
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5
Q

RANGE OF MOTION: SHOULDER

A
  • Flexion: 180
  • Abduction: 180
  • External Rotation: 90
  • Internal Rotation: 70
  • Extension: 60
  • Adduction: 50

Scapular retraction, elevation, protaction

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6
Q

Yergason Test (Cipriano)

A

POSITIVE:

  • Localized Pain and/or tenderness at the bicipital groove
  • Audible click or the biceps tendon subluxes or dislocates

INDICATES:

  • Bicipital Tendinitis
  • Instability of the biceps tendon possibly associated with a torn transverse humeral ligament
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7
Q

Abbott-Saunders Test

A

POSITIVE:

  • Palpable and/or audible click

INDICATES:

- Subluxation or dislocation of the biceps tendon due to a rupture of the transverse humeral ligament or tendon subluxation beneath subscapularis muscle belly/tendon

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8
Q

SPEED TEST

A

POSITIVE:

  • Pain and/or tenderness in the bicipital groove

INDICATES:

  • Bicipital Tendinitis
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9
Q

DUGAS TEST

A

POSITIVE:

  • Inability to touch the opposite shoulder and/or inability of the elbow to touch the chest

INDICATES:

  • Acute dislocation of the shoulder (glenohumeral joint)
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10
Q

ANTERIOR APPREHENSION TEST

A

POSITIVE:

  • Patient will have a noticeable look of apprehension or alarm on their face with possible pain

INDICATES:

  • Chronic anterior dislocation of the shoulder (glenohumeral joint)
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11
Q

POSTERIOR APPREHENSION TEST

A

POSITIVE:

  • Patient will have a noticeable look of apprehension or alarm on their face with possible pain

INDICATES:

  • Chronic Posterior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint
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12
Q

DROP ARM TEST/ aka CODMAN DROP ARM TEST

A

POSITIVE:

  • Patient will not be able to lower the arm slowly or the arm drops suddenly

INDICATES:

  • Rotator cuff tear, usually supraspinatus
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13
Q

DAWBARN TEST

A

Deep palpation of shoulder elicits well-localized tender area, by subacromial bursa

POSITIVE:

  • Decrease in pain and/or tenderness

INDICATES:

  • Subacromial bursitis
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14
Q

BONY PALPATION OF THE ELBOW

A
  1. Medial Epicondyle
  2. Medial Supracondylar line of the humerus
  3. Groove of the ulnar nerve
  4. Trochlea
  5. Olecranon
  6. Olecranon fossa
  7. Lateral Epicondyle
  8. Lateral Supracondylar line of the humerus
  9. Radial head
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15
Q

SOFT TISSUE PALPATION of ELBOW

A
  1. Ulnar Nerve
  2. Wrist flexor muscles (Palpate as a unit and individually)
    1. Pronator Teres
    2. Flexor Carpi Radialis
    3. Palmaris Longus
    4. Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
  3. Medial Collateral Ligament
  4. Supracondylar Lymph Nodes
  5. Brachial Artery
  6. Triceps Muscle
  7. Lateral Collateral ligament
  8. Biceps
  9. Olecranon Bursa
  10. Elbow Flexors muscles “mobile wad of three” (palpate as a unit and individually)
    1. Brachioradialis
    2. Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
    3. Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
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16
Q

Range of motion: ELBOW

A
  • Elbow Flexion: 150
  • Elbow Extension: 0
  • Forearm Supination (radio-ulnar joint): 80
  • Forearm Pronation: 80
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17
Q

MEDIAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT TEST

A

POSITIVE:

  • Excessive gapping & pain

INDICATES:

  • Medial Collateral ligament tear and/or instability
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18
Q

COZEN TEST

A

POSITIVE:

  • Pain over the lateral epicondyle

INDICATES:

  • Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow)
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19
Q

MILLS TEST

A

POSITIVE:

  • Pain over the lateral epicondyle

INDICATES:

  • Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis elbow)
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20
Q

GOLFER ELBOW TEST

A

POSITIVE:

  • Pain over the medial epicondyle

INDICATES:

  • Medial Epicondylitis
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21
Q

Bony Palpation Wrist and Hand

A

Radial Syloid Process

Ulnar Styloid Process,

Lister’s Tubercle,

Scaphoid (navicular),

Lunate, Triquetrium,

Pisiform,

Trapezium,

Trapezoid,

Capitate,

Hamate,

Hook of Hamate,

Metacarpals,

Phalanges

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22
Q

Soft Tissue Palpation: Wrist and Hand

A

Ulnar Artery,

Radial Artery,

Palmaris Longus Tendon,

Carpal Tunnel Region,

Thenar Eminence,

Hypothenar Eminence,

Palmar Aponeurosis,

Tissues surrounding proximal interphalangeal joints,

Tissues surrounding distal interphalangeal joints,

Distal tufts of fingers

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23
Q

Range of Motion: Wrist and Hand

A

Wrist Flexion 80,

Wrist Extension 70,

Wrist Ulnar Deviation 30,

Wrist Radial Deviation 20,

Finger Abduction,

Finger Adduction,

Finger Flexion,

Finger Extension,

Thumb Flexion,

Thumb Extension,

Finger Opposition

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24
Q

Tinel Wrist Sign

A

POSITIVE: Reproduction of pain, tenderness, and/or paresthesia in the median nerve distribution area (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and the lateral 1/2 of the 4th digit)

INDICATES: Median Neuritis, possibly Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

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25
**PHALEN SIGN AND REVERSE PHALEN SIGN** aka Prayer Sign
**_POSITIVE_**: Reproduction of pain and/or paresthesia in the median nerve distribution area (thumb, 2nd, 3rd, and the lateral 1/2 of the 4th digit) **_INDICATES_**: Median Neuritis, possibly Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
26
**FINKELSTEIN TEST**
**_POSITIVE_**: Pain distal to the radial styloid process **_INDICATES_**: Stenosing tenosynovitis of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tendons (DeQuervain's Disease)
27
**ALLEN TEST**
**_POSITIVE_**: A delay of more than 10 seconds (Evans 5 sec) in returning a reddish color to the hand **_INDICATES_**: Radial or Ulnar Artery insufficiency. The artery held (occluded) by the examiner is not the artery being tested
28
**RETINACULAR TEST**
Patient presents with difficulty flexing the DIP joint ## Footnote **_POSITIVE_**: 1) Flexion of the distal interphalangeal joint cannot be achieved 2) Flexion of the distal interphalangeal joint is achieved **_INDICATES:_** 1) Joint Capsule Contracture 2) Tight Retinacular Ligament
29
**BUNNEL - LITTLER TEST**
*Patient presents with difficulty flexing the PIP joint* **_POSITIVE_**: 1. Flexion of the proximal interphalangeal joint cannot be achieved 2. Flexion of the proximal interphalangeal joint is achieved **_INDICATES_**: 1. Joint Capsule Contracture 2. Tight intrinsic muscles
30
**BONY PALPATION: CERVICAL SPINE**
**ANTERIOR ASPECT:** 1. Hyoid Bone 2. Thyroid Cartilage 3. First Cricoid Ring 4. Mandible **POSTERIOR ASPECT:** 1. Occiput 2. Inion (EOP) 3. Superior Nuchal Line 4. Mastoid Processes 5. Spinous processes of Cervical Vertebrae 6. Facet Joints
31
**SOFT TISSUE PALPATION: CERVICAL SPINE**
1. Sternocleidomastoid muscle 2. Anterior lymph node chain 3. Posterior lymph node chain 4. Thyroid gland 5. Carotid Pulse 6. Supraclavicular Fossa 7. Trapezius Muscle 8. Greater Occipital Nerves 9. Superior Nuchal Ligament
32
**RANGE OF MOTION: CERVICAL SPINE**
**ACTIVE AND PASSIVE** * ​Flexion 50 * Extension 60 * Lateral Bending Left 45 * Lateral Bending Right 45 * Left Rotation 80 * Right Rotation 80
33
**FORAMINAL COMPRESSION**
**_POSITIVE_**: 1. Exacerbation of localized cervical Pain 2. Exacerbation of cervical pain with a radicular component **_INDICATES_**: 1. Foraminal Encroachment or facet pathology without nerve root compression 2. Foraminal Encroachment or facet pathology with nerve root compression
34
**CERVICAL DISTRACTION TEST**
**_POSITIVE_**: 1. Diminished or absence of local cervical pain 2. Diminished or absence or radiating pain 3. Increase of cervical pain **_INDICATES_**: 1. Foraminal encroachment without nerve root compression 2. Foraminal encroachment with nerve root compression 3. Muscular strain, ligamentous sprain, myospasm or facet capsulitis
35
**SPINAL PERCUSSION TEST**
**_POSITIVE_**: 1. Local Pain 2. Radiating **_INDICATES_**: 1. Possible fractured vertebrae, ligamentous involvment (spinous pain), and muscular involvment (muscular pain) 2. Possible disc pathology
36
SHOULDER DEPRESSION TEST
**_POSITIVE_**: 1. Localized pain on the side being tested 2. Radicular pain on either side **_INDICATES_**: 1. Localized Pain: Dural sleeve adhesion, and muscular adhesion/contracture, or spasm, or ligamentous injury 2. Radiating Pain: On side being tested neurovascular bundle compression, dural sleeve adhesions, or Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. On opposite side being tested foraminal encroachment with nerve root compression
37
**VALSALVA MANEUVER**
**_POSITIVE_**: Radiating pain from site of lesion (usually recreating the complaint in cervical or lumbar area of the spine) **_INDICATES_**: Space occupying lesion (e.g. disc pathology)
38
**SWALLOWING TEST**
**_POSITIVE_**: Difficulty in swallowing **_INDICATES_**: Space-Occupying lesion at anterior portion of cervical spine. Possibly esophageal or pharyngeal injury, anterior disc defect, muscle spasm or osteophytes etc.
39
**SOTO-HALL SIGN**
**_POSITIVE_**: Generalized pain in the cervical region, which may extend down to the level of T2 **_INDICATES_**: Non-specific test for structural integrity of cervical region
40
**KERNIG SIGN**
**_POSITIVE_**: Inability to fully extend the leg and/or pain (usually in the neck region) **_INDICATES_**: Meningeal irritation/meningitis
41
**SOFT TISSUE PALPATION:** **FOOT AND ANKLE**
1. Tibialis Posterior tendon 2. Spring ligament 3. Tibialis anterior tendon 4. Deltoid ligament 5. Fibular/Peroneus brevis 6. Achilles tendon 7. Plantar Aponeurosis 8. Anterior Talofibular ligament 9. Posterior tibial artery 10. Dorsal pedal artery
42
**O' DONOGHUE MANEUVER**
**_POSITIVE_**: 1. Pain during passive range of motion 2. Pain during resisted range of motion **_INDICATES_**: 1. Ligamentous sprain. (Passive ROM stresses ligaments) 2. Muscle/tendon strain. (Active ROM stresses muscles and tendons)
43
**C5 NERVE ROOT**
* **DISC LEVEL**: C4 * **MUSCLE TESTS (2)**: 1. _Shoulder Abduction_: Deltoid (axillary nerve) 2. _Forearm Flexion_: Biceps (musculocutaneous nerve) * **REFLEX**: Biceps * **SENSATION**: Lateral Arm
44
**C6 NERVE ROOT**
* **DISC LEVEL**: C5 * **MUSCLE TEST (1)**: 1. _Wrist Extension_: Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, and extensor carpi ulnaris (radial nerve) * **REFLEX**: Brachioradialis * **SENSATION**: Anterior Lateral Forearm, palm, thumb, and 2nd digit
45
**C7 NERVE ROOT**
* **DISC LEVEL**: C6 * **MUSCLE TESTS (3)**: 1. _Elbow Extension_: Triceps (Radial Nerve) 2. _Wrist Flexion_: Flexor carpi radialis (Median Nerve), Flexor ulnaris (ulnar nerve) 3. _Finger Extension_: Extensor digitorum communis, extensor indicis profundus, extensor digiti minimi (Radial nerve) * **REFLEX**: Triceps * **SENSATION**: 3rd digit, middle of palm
46
**C8 NERVE ROOT**
* **DISC LEVEL**: C7 * **MUSCLE TEST (1)**: 1. _Finger Flexion_: Flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, lumbricals (median and ulnar nerves) * **REFLEX**: NONE\* * **SENSATION**: 4th and 5th digits, antero-medial hand and forearm
47
**T1 NERVE ROOT**
* **DISC LEVEL**: T1 * **MUSCLE TESTS (2)**: 1. _Finger Abduction_: Dorsal Interossei (ulnar nerve) 2. _Finger Adduction_: Palmer Interossei (ulnar nerve) * **REFLEX**: NONE\*\* * **SENSATION**: Antero-medial arm (distal aspect of arm to proximal aspect of forearm)
48
**L4 NERVE ROOT**
* **DISC LEVEL**: L3 * **MUSCLE TEST (1)**: 1. _Foot Dorsiflexion and Inversion_: Tibialis Anterior (deep fibular/peroneal nerve) * **REFLEX**: Patellar Tendon * **SENSATION**: Medial aspect of leg, medial foot, medial aspect of big toe
49
**L5 NERVE ROOT**
* **DISC LEVEL**: L4 * **MUSCLE TESTS (4)**: 1. _Foot Dorsiflexion_: Gastrocnemius, Soleus 2. _Big Toe Dorsiflexion_: Extensor hallucis longus (deep fibular/peroneal nerve) 3. _Toes 2, 3, 4 dorsiflexion_: Extensor digitorum longus and brevis (deep fibular/peroneal nerve) 4. _Hip and Pelvis Abduction_: Gluteus medius and minimus (superior gluteal nerve) * **REFLEX**: NONE\* * **SENSATION**: Lateral leg, dorsum of foot, and middle third toes
50
**S1 NERVE ROOT**
* **DISC LEVEL**: L5 * **MUSCLE TESTS (3):** 1. _Foot Plantarflexion_: Gastrocnemius and Soleus (Tibial Nerve) 2. _Foot Plantar Flexion and Eversion_: fibular/peroneus longus and brevis (superficial fibular/peroneal nerve) 3. _Hip Extension_: Gluteus Maximus (Inferior gluteal nerve) * **REFLEX**: Achilles * **SENSATION**: Posterior aspect of the leg, lateral aspect of foot, and lateral aspect of little toe
51
**BONY PALPATION: LUMBAR SPINE**
1. Lumbar Spinous Processes 2. Sacral Tubercles 3. Iliac Crest 4. PSIS
52
**SOFT TISSUE PALPATION: LUMBAR SPINE**
1. Paraspinal Muscles (palpate as a unit and individually) superficial layer * Spinalis * Longissimus * Iliocostalis 2. Sciatic Nerve 3. Gluteus Maximus 4. Gluteus Medius 5. Hamstrings * Biceps Femoris * Semitendinosus * Semimembranosus 6. Anterior Abdominal Muscles
53
**RANGE OF MOTION: LUMBAR SPINE**
* FLEXION: 25 * EXTENSION: 30 * LEFT LATERAL BENDING: 25 * RIGHT LATERAL BENDING: 25 * LEFT ROTATION: 30 * RIGHT ROTATION: 30
54
**HOOVER SIGN**
* **_POSITIVE_**: Lack of counter-pressure to opposite side * **_INDICATES_**: Lack of organic basis for paralysis (Malingering/hysteria). With organic hemiplegia, the patient will still exert downward pressure when attempting to raise paralyzed leg
55
**STRAIGHT LEG RAISER (SLR)**
* **_POSITIVE_**: Radiating pain and/or dull posterior thigh pain * **_INDICATES_**: Sciatic radiculopathy or tight hamstrings. * Positive between 35-70 degrees equals possible discogenic sciatic radiculopathy * \> 70 equals tight hamstrings
56
**GOLDTHWAIT SIGN**
* **_POSITIVE_**: Localized pain, low back or radiating pain down the leg * **_INDICATES_**: Lumbo-sacral or sacroiliac pathology * Pain occuring after the lumbar spinouses move equals possible lumbo-sacral problem * Pain occuring before the lumbars move equals possible sacroiliac problem
57
**BRAGARD SIGN**
* **_POSITIVE_**: Radiating pain in posterior thigh * **_INDICATES_**: Sciatic Radiculopathy
58
**BUCKLING SING (CIPRIANO)**
* **_POSITIVE_**: Pain in the posterior thigh with sudden knee flexion (buckle) * **_INDICATES_**: Sciatic Radiculopathy
59
**BOWSTRING SIGN**
* **_POSITIVE_**: Pain in the lumbar region or radiculopathy * **_INDICATES_**: Sciatic nerve root compression, helps rule out tight hamstrings
60
**LASEGUE TEST**
* **_POSITIVE_**: Reproduction of sciatic pain before 60 degrees * **_INDICATES_**: Sciatica
61
**MILGRAM TEST**
* **_POSITIVE_**: Inability to perform test and/or low back pain * **_INDICATES_**: Weak abdominal muscles or space occupying lesion
62
**BECHTEREW TEST**
* **_POSITIVE_**: Reproduction of radicular pain or inability to perform correctly due to tripod sign * **_INDICATES_**: Sciatic radiculopathy
63
**ANTERIOR INNOMINATE aka MAZION PELVIC MANEUVER (ADVANCEMENT SIGN)**
* **_POSITIVE_**: The inability to bend at the waist more than 45 degrees, because of either/or 1. Radiating pain along the sciatic nerve, either unilateral or bilateral 2. Low back pain (lumbar or pelvic regions) * **_INDICATES_**: 1. Sciatic neuralgia or radiculopathy, etc., possibly due to lumbar disc pathology 2. Anterior (rotational) displacement of the ilium relative to the sacrum
64
**LEWIN STANDING TEST**
* **_POSITIVE_**: Radiating pain down the leg causing flexion of the patient's knee or knees * **_INDICATES_**: Gluteal, lumbosacral or sacroiliac pathologies
65
**BONY PALPATION: HIP AND PELVIS**
**_ANTERIOR_** 1. ASIS 2. Iliac Crest 3. Iliac Tubercle 4. Greater Trochanter **_POSTERIOR_** 1. PSIS 2. Ischial tuberosity 3. Coccyx
66
**SOFT TISSUE PALPATION: HIP & PELVIS**
1. Femoral Triangle Borders * Sartorius * Adductor Longus * Inguinal Ligament 2. Quadriceps Muscle (palpate as a unit and individually) * Vastus Lateralis * Vastus Medialis * Vastus Intermedius * Rectus Femoris 3. Greater Trochanteric Bursa 4. Gluteus Medius 5. Gluteus Maximus 6. Sciatic Nerve 7. Cluneal Nerves 8. Hamstrings * Biceps femoris * Semitendinosus * Semimembranosus
67
**RANGE OF MOTION:** **HIP AND PELVIS**
* Flexion ***120*** * Extension ***30*** * Abduction ***45*** * Adduction ***45*** * Internal Rotation ***45*** * External Rotation ***45*** * Flexion and Adduction * Flexion, Abduction, and External rotation
68
**LEG LENGTH DISCREPANCY**
**_POSITIVE_**: * Different Measurements **_INDICATES_**: * True = bony abnormality above or below level of trochanter difference (anatomical short leg). * Apparent = pelvic Obliquity (Tilted pelvis)
69
**ANVIL TEST**
**_POSITIVE:_** * Localized pain in long bone or in hip joint **_INDICATES:_** * Possible Fracture of long bones, or hip joint pathology
70
**PATRICK TEST aka FABERE sign**
**_POSITIVE_**: * Pain in the hip region **_INDICATES_**: * Hip joint pathology
71
**LAGUERRE TEST**
**_POSITIVE_**: 1. Pain in the hip joint 2. Pain in the sacroiliac joint **_INDICATES:_** 1. Hip joint pathology 2. Mechanical problem of the sacroiliac joint
72
**GAENSLEN TEST**
**_POSITIVE:_** * Pain on the affected SI joint stressed into extension **_INDICATES:_** * General sacroiliac joint lesion, anterior sacroiliac ligament sprain, or inflammation of the SI joint
73
**LEWIN - GAENSLEN TEST**
**_POSITIVE:_** * Pain on the affected SI joint stressed into extension **_INDICATES_**: * General sacroiliac joint lesion, anterior sacroiliac ligament sprain, or inflammation of the SI joint
74
**HIBB TEST**
**_POSITIVE:_** 1. Pain in the hip region 2. Pain in the buttock/pelvic region **_INDICATES:_** 1. Hip joint pathology 2. Sacroiliac joint lesion
75
**OBER TEST**
**_POSITIVE:_** Affected thgih remains in abduction (Normal biomechanics, the thigh/hip will adduct) **_INDICATES:_** Contraction of the iliotibial band or tensor fascia lata, (usually secondary to synovitis of the hip, secondary to trauma of the gluteus medius and maximus)
76
**PELVIC ROCK TEST aka ILIAC COMPRESSION TEST**
**_POSITIVE:_** * Pain in either sacroiliac joint **_INDICATES:_** * Sacroiliac joint lesion
77
**YEOMAN TEST**
**_POSITIVE:_** * Pain deep in the SI joint **_INDICATES:_** * Sprain of the anterior sacroiliac ligaments
78
**TRENDELENBURG TEST**
**_POSITIVE:_** * High iliac crest on supported side and low crest on side of elevated leg **_INDICATES:_** * Weak gluteus medius muscle on the supported side
79
**BONY PALPATION: KNEE ​**
1. Patella 2. Medial Tibial plateau 3. Tibial tubercle 4. Medial Femoral Condyle 5. Lateral Tibial Plateau 6. Lateral Femoral Condyle 7. Fibula head
80
**SOFT TISSUE PALPATION:** **KNEE**
1. Quadriceps muscles (Palpate as a unit and individually) * Vastus Lateralis * Vastus Medialis * Vastus Intermedius * Rectus Femoris 2. Infrapatellar Tendon 3. Bursae * Prepatellar * Superficial Infrapatellar 4. Medial Meniscus 5. Lateral Meniscus 6. Pes Anserine Area * Sartorius * Gracilis * Semitendinosus 7. Popliteal Fossa 8. Lateral Collateral Ligament 9. Medial Collateral Ligament 10. Gastrocnemius Muscle
81
**RANGE OF MOTION:** **KNEE**
* FLEXION : ***135*** * EXTENSION: ***0*** * INTERNAL ROTATION * EXTERNAL ROTATION
82
**McMURRAY SIGN**
**_POSITIVE:_** * Clicking sound or pain by knee joint **_INDICATES:_** * Tear of medial meniscus if positive on external rotation * Tear of lateral meniscus if positive on internal rotation * The greater the angle the knee is flexed when the positive is elicited, the more posterior the meniscal injury
83
**MEDIAL COLLATERL LIGAMENT TEST aka ABDUCTION STRESS TEST aka VALGUS STRESS TEST**
**_POSITIVE:_** * Gapping and/or elicited pain above/at/or below joint line **_INDICATES:_** * Tear and/or instability of the medial collateral ligament
84
**LATERAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT TEST aka ADDUCTION STRESS TEST aka VARUS STRESS TEST**
**_POSITIVE:_** * Gapping and/or elicited pain above/at/or below the joint line **_INDICATES:_** * Tear and/or instability of the lateral collateral ligament
85
**BOUNCE HOME TEST**
**_POSITIVE:_** * Knee does not go into full extension (slight flexion remains) **_INDICATES:_** * Diffuse swelling of the knee, accumulation of fluid, due to possible torn meniscus
86
**DRAWER TEST**
**_POSITIVE:_** 1. Gapping \> 6 mm (tibia moves ***posterior***) when the leg is pushed 2. Gapping \> 6 mm (tibia moves ***anterior***) when the leg is pulled **_INDICATES:_** 1. Torn ***posterior*** cruciate ligament 2. Torn ***anterior*** cruciate ligament
87
**LACHMAN TEST**
**_POSITIVE:_** * Gapping with the tibia moving away from the femur **_INDICATES:_** * Anterior Cruciate ligament or posterior oblique ligament instability
88
**APLEY COMPRESSION TEST**
**_POSITIVE:_** * Patient points to the side of pain **_INDICATES:_** * Pain on the medial side is medial meniscus tear. Pain on the lateral side indicates lateral meniscus tear
89
**APLEY DISTRACTION TEST**
**_POSITIVE:_** * Patient will point to side of pain **_INDICATES:_** * Pain on the medial side indicates medial collateral ligament tear. Pain on the lateral side indicates lateral collateral ligament tear
90
**DRAWER SIGN**
**_POSITIVE:_** * Translation with the talus moving away from or toward the tibia **_INDICATES:_** 1. With tibia pushed/foot pulled; a tear/instability of the anterior talofibular ligament 2. With tibia pulled/foot pushed; a tear/instability of posterior talofibular ligament
91
**ANKLE DORSIFLEXION TEST** (Hoppenfeld)
**_POSITIVE:_** 1. The foot cannot dorsiflex with knee extended, but is able to with knee flexed 2. The foot cannot dorsiflex in either knee position **_INDICATES:_** 1. Contracture of the gastrocnemius muscle 2. Contracture of the soleus muscle
92
**RIGID OR SUPPLE FLAT FEET TEST**
**_POSITIVE:_** 1. Absence of medial longitudinal arch in both positions 2. Presence of medial longitudinal arch while seated with a loss of medial longitudinal arch while standing **_INDICATES:_** 1. Rigid Flat Feet 2. Supple Flat Feet
93
**HOMANS SIGN**
**_POSITIVE:_** Deep pain in the calf **_INDICATES:_** Deep vein thrombophlebitis
94
**THOMPSON TEST**
**_POSITIVE:_** * Absence of foot plantarflexion motion **_INDICATES:_** * Achilles tendon rupture
95
**MORTON TEST**
**_POSITIVE:_** * Sharp pain in the forefoot **_INDICATES:_** * Metatarsalgia or neuroma (usually at the 3rd and 4th metatarsal interspace)

6 ORTHO (16 decks)

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