**** Flashcards
RANGE OF MOTION:
FOOT AND ANKLE
- Ankle Dorsiflexion 20
- Ankle Plantarflexion 50
- Subtalar Inversion 5
- Subtalar Eversion 5
- 1st MTP Joint Flexion
- 1st MTP Joint Extension
Bony Palpation: SHOULDER
- Sternoclavicular Articulation
- Clavicle
- Coracoid Process
- Acromioclavicular Articulation
- Acromion
- Greater Tuberosity of the Humerus
- Bicipital Groove
- Lesser Tuberosity of the Humerus
- Spine of the Scapula
- Body of Scapula
- Scapulothoracic Articulation
BONY PALPATION:
FOOT AND ANKLE
- Calcaneus
- Sustentaculum Tali
- Medial Malleolus
- Lateral Malleolus
- Talus
- Navicular
- Cuboid
- 3 Cuneiforms
- 5 Metatarsals
- Metatarsophalangeal joints
Soft Tissue Palpation: SHOULDER
- Rotator Cuff Muscle: Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, Subscapularis
- Subacromial Bursa
- Subdeltoid Bursa
- Axillary Borders: Pectoralis Major, Serratus Anterior, Axillary Lymph Nodes, Latissimus Dorsi, Bicipital Tendon
- Prominent Muscles of Region: Sternocleidomastoid, Biceps, Deltoid as a whole, (anterior, middle and posterior portion of deltoid), Trapezius, Rhomboid (minor and major)
RANGE OF MOTION: SHOULDER
- Flexion: 180
- Abduction: 180
- External Rotation: 90
- Internal Rotation: 70
- Extension: 60
- Adduction: 50
Scapular retraction, elevation, protaction
Yergason Test (Cipriano)
POSITIVE:
- Localized Pain and/or tenderness at the bicipital groove
- Audible click or the biceps tendon subluxes or dislocates
INDICATES:
- Bicipital Tendinitis
- Instability of the biceps tendon possibly associated with a torn transverse humeral ligament
Abbott-Saunders Test
POSITIVE:
- Palpable and/or audible click
INDICATES:
- Subluxation or dislocation of the biceps tendon due to a rupture of the transverse humeral ligament or tendon subluxation beneath subscapularis muscle belly/tendon
SPEED TEST
POSITIVE:
- Pain and/or tenderness in the bicipital groove
INDICATES:
- Bicipital Tendinitis
DUGAS TEST
POSITIVE:
- Inability to touch the opposite shoulder and/or inability of the elbow to touch the chest
INDICATES:
- Acute dislocation of the shoulder (glenohumeral joint)
ANTERIOR APPREHENSION TEST
POSITIVE:
- Patient will have a noticeable look of apprehension or alarm on their face with possible pain
INDICATES:
- Chronic anterior dislocation of the shoulder (glenohumeral joint)
POSTERIOR APPREHENSION TEST
POSITIVE:
- Patient will have a noticeable look of apprehension or alarm on their face with possible pain
INDICATES:
- Chronic Posterior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint
DROP ARM TEST/ aka CODMAN DROP ARM TEST
POSITIVE:
- Patient will not be able to lower the arm slowly or the arm drops suddenly
INDICATES:
- Rotator cuff tear, usually supraspinatus
DAWBARN TEST
Deep palpation of shoulder elicits well-localized tender area, by subacromial bursa
POSITIVE:
- Decrease in pain and/or tenderness
INDICATES:
- Subacromial bursitis
BONY PALPATION OF THE ELBOW
- Medial Epicondyle
- Medial Supracondylar line of the humerus
- Groove of the ulnar nerve
- Trochlea
- Olecranon
- Olecranon fossa
- Lateral Epicondyle
- Lateral Supracondylar line of the humerus
- Radial head
SOFT TISSUE PALPATION of ELBOW
- Ulnar Nerve
- Wrist flexor muscles (Palpate as a unit and individually)
- Pronator Teres
- Flexor Carpi Radialis
- Palmaris Longus
- Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
- Medial Collateral Ligament
- Supracondylar Lymph Nodes
- Brachial Artery
- Triceps Muscle
- Lateral Collateral ligament
- Biceps
- Olecranon Bursa
- Elbow Flexors muscles “mobile wad of three” (palpate as a unit and individually)
- Brachioradialis
- Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
- Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
Range of motion: ELBOW
- Elbow Flexion: 150
- Elbow Extension: 0
- Forearm Supination (radio-ulnar joint): 80
- Forearm Pronation: 80
MEDIAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT TEST
POSITIVE:
- Excessive gapping & pain
INDICATES:
- Medial Collateral ligament tear and/or instability
COZEN TEST
POSITIVE:
- Pain over the lateral epicondyle
INDICATES:
- Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow)
MILLS TEST
POSITIVE:
- Pain over the lateral epicondyle
INDICATES:
- Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis elbow)
GOLFER ELBOW TEST
POSITIVE:
- Pain over the medial epicondyle
INDICATES:
- Medial Epicondylitis
Bony Palpation Wrist and Hand
Radial Syloid Process
Ulnar Styloid Process,
Lister’s Tubercle,
Scaphoid (navicular),
Lunate, Triquetrium,
Pisiform,
Trapezium,
Trapezoid,
Capitate,
Hamate,
Hook of Hamate,
Metacarpals,
Phalanges
Soft Tissue Palpation: Wrist and Hand
Ulnar Artery,
Radial Artery,
Palmaris Longus Tendon,
Carpal Tunnel Region,
Thenar Eminence,
Hypothenar Eminence,
Palmar Aponeurosis,
Tissues surrounding proximal interphalangeal joints,
Tissues surrounding distal interphalangeal joints,
Distal tufts of fingers
Range of Motion: Wrist and Hand
Wrist Flexion 80,
Wrist Extension 70,
Wrist Ulnar Deviation 30,
Wrist Radial Deviation 20,
Finger Abduction,
Finger Adduction,
Finger Flexion,
Finger Extension,
Thumb Flexion,
Thumb Extension,
Finger Opposition
Tinel Wrist Sign
POSITIVE: Reproduction of pain, tenderness, and/or paresthesia in the median nerve distribution area (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and the lateral 1/2 of the 4th digit)
INDICATES: Median Neuritis, possibly Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
PHALEN SIGN AND REVERSE PHALEN SIGN
aka Prayer Sign
POSITIVE: Reproduction of pain and/or paresthesia in the median nerve distribution area (thumb, 2nd, 3rd, and the lateral 1/2 of the 4th digit)
INDICATES: Median Neuritis, possibly Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
FINKELSTEIN TEST
POSITIVE: Pain distal to the radial styloid process
INDICATES: Stenosing tenosynovitis of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tendons (DeQuervain’s Disease)
ALLEN TEST
POSITIVE: A delay of more than 10 seconds (Evans 5 sec) in returning a reddish color to the hand
INDICATES: Radial or Ulnar Artery insufficiency. The artery held (occluded) by the examiner is not the artery being tested
RETINACULAR TEST
Patient presents with difficulty flexing the DIP joint
POSITIVE:
1) Flexion of the distal interphalangeal joint cannot be achieved
2) Flexion of the distal interphalangeal joint is achieved
INDICATES:
1) Joint Capsule Contracture
2) Tight Retinacular Ligament
BUNNEL - LITTLER TEST
Patient presents with difficulty flexing the PIP joint
POSITIVE:
- Flexion of the proximal interphalangeal joint cannot be achieved
- Flexion of the proximal interphalangeal joint is achieved
INDICATES:
- Joint Capsule Contracture
- Tight intrinsic muscles
BONY PALPATION: CERVICAL SPINE
ANTERIOR ASPECT:
- Hyoid Bone
- Thyroid Cartilage
- First Cricoid Ring
- Mandible
POSTERIOR ASPECT:
- Occiput
- Inion (EOP)
- Superior Nuchal Line
- Mastoid Processes
- Spinous processes of Cervical Vertebrae
- Facet Joints
SOFT TISSUE PALPATION: CERVICAL SPINE
- Sternocleidomastoid muscle
- Anterior lymph node chain
- Posterior lymph node chain
- Thyroid gland
- Carotid Pulse
- Supraclavicular Fossa
- Trapezius Muscle
- Greater Occipital Nerves
- Superior Nuchal Ligament
RANGE OF MOTION: CERVICAL SPINE
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
- Flexion 50
- Extension 60
- Lateral Bending Left 45
- Lateral Bending Right 45
- Left Rotation 80
- Right Rotation 80
FORAMINAL COMPRESSION
POSITIVE:
- Exacerbation of localized cervical Pain
- Exacerbation of cervical pain with a radicular component
INDICATES:
- Foraminal Encroachment or facet pathology without nerve root compression
- Foraminal Encroachment or facet pathology with nerve root compression
CERVICAL DISTRACTION TEST
POSITIVE:
- Diminished or absence of local cervical pain
- Diminished or absence or radiating pain
- Increase of cervical pain
INDICATES:
- Foraminal encroachment without nerve root compression
- Foraminal encroachment with nerve root compression
- Muscular strain, ligamentous sprain, myospasm or facet capsulitis
SPINAL PERCUSSION TEST
POSITIVE:
- Local Pain
- Radiating
INDICATES:
- Possible fractured vertebrae, ligamentous involvment (spinous pain), and muscular involvment (muscular pain)
- Possible disc pathology
SHOULDER DEPRESSION TEST
POSITIVE:
- Localized pain on the side being tested
- Radicular pain on either side
INDICATES:
- Localized Pain: Dural sleeve adhesion, and muscular adhesion/contracture, or spasm, or ligamentous injury
- Radiating Pain: On side being tested neurovascular bundle compression, dural sleeve adhesions, or Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. On opposite side being tested foraminal encroachment with nerve root compression
VALSALVA MANEUVER
POSITIVE: Radiating pain from site of lesion (usually recreating the complaint in cervical or lumbar area of the spine)
INDICATES: Space occupying lesion (e.g. disc pathology)
SWALLOWING TEST
POSITIVE: Difficulty in swallowing
INDICATES: Space-Occupying lesion at anterior portion of cervical spine. Possibly esophageal or pharyngeal injury, anterior disc defect, muscle spasm or osteophytes etc.
SOTO-HALL SIGN
POSITIVE: Generalized pain in the cervical region, which may extend down to the level of T2
INDICATES: Non-specific test for structural integrity of cervical region
KERNIG SIGN
POSITIVE: Inability to fully extend the leg and/or pain (usually in the neck region)
INDICATES: Meningeal irritation/meningitis
SOFT TISSUE PALPATION:
FOOT AND ANKLE
- Tibialis Posterior tendon
- Spring ligament
- Tibialis anterior tendon
- Deltoid ligament
- Fibular/Peroneus brevis
- Achilles tendon
- Plantar Aponeurosis
- Anterior Talofibular ligament
- Posterior tibial artery
- Dorsal pedal artery
O’ DONOGHUE MANEUVER
POSITIVE:
- Pain during passive range of motion
- Pain during resisted range of motion
INDICATES:
- Ligamentous sprain. (Passive ROM stresses ligaments)
- Muscle/tendon strain. (Active ROM stresses muscles and tendons)
C5 NERVE ROOT
- DISC LEVEL: C4
-
MUSCLE TESTS (2):
- Shoulder Abduction: Deltoid (axillary nerve)
- Forearm Flexion: Biceps (musculocutaneous nerve)
- REFLEX: Biceps
- SENSATION: Lateral Arm
C6 NERVE ROOT
- DISC LEVEL: C5
-
MUSCLE TEST (1):
- Wrist Extension: Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, and extensor carpi ulnaris (radial nerve)
- REFLEX: Brachioradialis
- SENSATION: Anterior Lateral Forearm, palm, thumb, and 2nd digit
C7 NERVE ROOT
- DISC LEVEL: C6
-
MUSCLE TESTS (3):
- Elbow Extension: Triceps (Radial Nerve)
- Wrist Flexion: Flexor carpi radialis (Median Nerve), Flexor ulnaris (ulnar nerve)
- Finger Extension: Extensor digitorum communis, extensor indicis profundus, extensor digiti minimi (Radial nerve)
- REFLEX: Triceps
- SENSATION: 3rd digit, middle of palm
C8 NERVE ROOT
- DISC LEVEL: C7
-
MUSCLE TEST (1):
- Finger Flexion: Flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, lumbricals (median and ulnar nerves)
- REFLEX: NONE*
- SENSATION: 4th and 5th digits, antero-medial hand and forearm
T1 NERVE ROOT
- DISC LEVEL: T1
-
MUSCLE TESTS (2):
- Finger Abduction: Dorsal Interossei (ulnar nerve)
- Finger Adduction: Palmer Interossei (ulnar nerve)
- REFLEX: NONE**
- SENSATION: Antero-medial arm (distal aspect of arm to proximal aspect of forearm)
L4 NERVE ROOT
- DISC LEVEL: L3
-
MUSCLE TEST (1):
- Foot Dorsiflexion and Inversion: Tibialis Anterior (deep fibular/peroneal nerve)
- REFLEX: Patellar Tendon
- SENSATION: Medial aspect of leg, medial foot, medial aspect of big toe
L5 NERVE ROOT
- DISC LEVEL: L4
-
MUSCLE TESTS (4):
- Foot Dorsiflexion: Gastrocnemius, Soleus
- Big Toe Dorsiflexion: Extensor hallucis longus (deep fibular/peroneal nerve)
- Toes 2, 3, 4 dorsiflexion: Extensor digitorum longus and brevis (deep fibular/peroneal nerve)
- Hip and Pelvis Abduction: Gluteus medius and minimus (superior gluteal nerve)
- REFLEX: NONE*
- SENSATION: Lateral leg, dorsum of foot, and middle third toes
S1 NERVE ROOT
- DISC LEVEL: L5
-
MUSCLE TESTS (3):
- Foot Plantarflexion: Gastrocnemius and Soleus (Tibial Nerve)
- Foot Plantar Flexion and Eversion: fibular/peroneus longus and brevis (superficial fibular/peroneal nerve)
- Hip Extension: Gluteus Maximus (Inferior gluteal nerve)
- REFLEX: Achilles
- SENSATION: Posterior aspect of the leg, lateral aspect of foot, and lateral aspect of little toe
BONY PALPATION: LUMBAR SPINE
- Lumbar Spinous Processes
- Sacral Tubercles
- Iliac Crest
- PSIS
SOFT TISSUE PALPATION: LUMBAR SPINE
- Paraspinal Muscles (palpate as a unit and individually) superficial layer
- Spinalis
- Longissimus
- Iliocostalis
- Sciatic Nerve
- Gluteus Maximus
- Gluteus Medius
- Hamstrings
- Biceps Femoris
- Semitendinosus
- Semimembranosus
- Anterior Abdominal Muscles
RANGE OF MOTION: LUMBAR SPINE
- FLEXION: 25
- EXTENSION: 30
- LEFT LATERAL BENDING: 25
- RIGHT LATERAL BENDING: 25
- LEFT ROTATION: 30
- RIGHT ROTATION: 30
HOOVER SIGN
- POSITIVE: Lack of counter-pressure to opposite side
- INDICATES: Lack of organic basis for paralysis (Malingering/hysteria). With organic hemiplegia, the patient will still exert downward pressure when attempting to raise paralyzed leg
STRAIGHT LEG RAISER (SLR)
- POSITIVE: Radiating pain and/or dull posterior thigh pain
-
INDICATES: Sciatic radiculopathy or tight hamstrings.
- Positive between 35-70 degrees equals possible discogenic sciatic radiculopathy
- > 70 equals tight hamstrings
GOLDTHWAIT SIGN
- POSITIVE: Localized pain, low back or radiating pain down the leg
-
INDICATES: Lumbo-sacral or sacroiliac pathology
- Pain occuring after the lumbar spinouses move equals possible lumbo-sacral problem
- Pain occuring before the lumbars move equals possible sacroiliac problem
BRAGARD SIGN
- POSITIVE: Radiating pain in posterior thigh
- INDICATES: Sciatic Radiculopathy
BUCKLING SING (CIPRIANO)
- POSITIVE: Pain in the posterior thigh with sudden knee flexion (buckle)
- INDICATES: Sciatic Radiculopathy
BOWSTRING SIGN
- POSITIVE: Pain in the lumbar region or radiculopathy
- INDICATES: Sciatic nerve root compression, helps rule out tight hamstrings
LASEGUE TEST
- POSITIVE: Reproduction of sciatic pain before 60 degrees
- INDICATES: Sciatica
MILGRAM TEST
- POSITIVE: Inability to perform test and/or low back pain
- INDICATES: Weak abdominal muscles or space occupying lesion
BECHTEREW TEST
- POSITIVE: Reproduction of radicular pain or inability to perform correctly due to tripod sign
- INDICATES: Sciatic radiculopathy
ANTERIOR INNOMINATE aka MAZION PELVIC MANEUVER (ADVANCEMENT SIGN)
- POSITIVE:
The inability to bend at the waist more than 45 degrees, because of either/or
- Radiating pain along the sciatic nerve, either unilateral or bilateral
- Low back pain (lumbar or pelvic regions)
-
INDICATES:
- Sciatic neuralgia or radiculopathy, etc., possibly due to lumbar disc pathology
- Anterior (rotational) displacement of the ilium relative to the sacrum
LEWIN STANDING TEST
- POSITIVE:
Radiating pain down the leg causing flexion of the patient’s knee or knees
- INDICATES:
Gluteal, lumbosacral or sacroiliac pathologies
BONY PALPATION: HIP AND PELVIS
ANTERIOR
- ASIS
- Iliac Crest
- Iliac Tubercle
- Greater Trochanter
POSTERIOR
- PSIS
- Ischial tuberosity
- Coccyx
SOFT TISSUE PALPATION: HIP & PELVIS
- Femoral Triangle Borders
- Sartorius
- Adductor Longus
- Inguinal Ligament
- Quadriceps Muscle (palpate as a unit and individually)
- Vastus Lateralis
- Vastus Medialis
- Vastus Intermedius
- Rectus Femoris
- Greater Trochanteric Bursa
- Gluteus Medius
- Gluteus Maximus
- Sciatic Nerve
- Cluneal Nerves
- Hamstrings
- Biceps femoris
- Semitendinosus
- Semimembranosus
RANGE OF MOTION:
HIP AND PELVIS
- Flexion 120
- Extension 30
- Abduction 45
- Adduction 45
- Internal Rotation 45
- External Rotation 45
- Flexion and Adduction
- Flexion, Abduction, and External rotation
LEG LENGTH DISCREPANCY
POSITIVE:
- Different Measurements
INDICATES:
- True = bony abnormality above or below level of trochanter difference (anatomical short leg).
- Apparent = pelvic Obliquity (Tilted pelvis)
ANVIL TEST
POSITIVE:
- Localized pain in long bone or in hip joint
INDICATES:
- Possible Fracture of long bones, or hip joint pathology
PATRICK TEST aka FABERE sign
POSITIVE:
- Pain in the hip region
INDICATES:
- Hip joint pathology
LAGUERRE TEST
POSITIVE:
- Pain in the hip joint
- Pain in the sacroiliac joint
INDICATES:
- Hip joint pathology
- Mechanical problem of the sacroiliac joint
GAENSLEN TEST
POSITIVE:
- Pain on the affected SI joint stressed into extension
INDICATES:
- General sacroiliac joint lesion, anterior sacroiliac ligament sprain, or inflammation of the SI joint
LEWIN - GAENSLEN TEST
POSITIVE:
- Pain on the affected SI joint stressed into extension
INDICATES:
- General sacroiliac joint lesion, anterior sacroiliac ligament sprain, or inflammation of the SI joint
HIBB TEST
POSITIVE:
- Pain in the hip region
- Pain in the buttock/pelvic region
INDICATES:
- Hip joint pathology
- Sacroiliac joint lesion
OBER TEST
POSITIVE:
Affected thgih remains in abduction (Normal biomechanics, the thigh/hip will adduct)
INDICATES:
Contraction of the iliotibial band or tensor fascia lata, (usually secondary to synovitis of the hip, secondary to trauma of the gluteus medius and maximus)
PELVIC ROCK TEST aka ILIAC COMPRESSION TEST
POSITIVE:
- Pain in either sacroiliac joint
INDICATES:
- Sacroiliac joint lesion
YEOMAN TEST
POSITIVE:
- Pain deep in the SI joint
INDICATES:
- Sprain of the anterior sacroiliac ligaments
TRENDELENBURG TEST
POSITIVE:
- High iliac crest on supported side and low crest on side of elevated leg
INDICATES:
- Weak gluteus medius muscle on the supported side
BONY PALPATION: KNEE
- Patella
- Medial Tibial plateau
- Tibial tubercle
- Medial Femoral Condyle
- Lateral Tibial Plateau
- Lateral Femoral Condyle
- Fibula head
SOFT TISSUE PALPATION:
KNEE
- Quadriceps muscles (Palpate as a unit and individually)
- Vastus Lateralis
- Vastus Medialis
- Vastus Intermedius
- Rectus Femoris
- Infrapatellar Tendon
- Bursae
- Prepatellar
- Superficial Infrapatellar
- Medial Meniscus
- Lateral Meniscus
- Pes Anserine Area
- Sartorius
- Gracilis
- Semitendinosus
- Popliteal Fossa
- Lateral Collateral Ligament
- Medial Collateral Ligament
- Gastrocnemius Muscle
RANGE OF MOTION:
KNEE
- FLEXION : 135
- EXTENSION: 0
- INTERNAL ROTATION
- EXTERNAL ROTATION
McMURRAY SIGN
POSITIVE:
- Clicking sound or pain by knee joint
INDICATES:
- Tear of medial meniscus if positive on external rotation
- Tear of lateral meniscus if positive on internal rotation
- The greater the angle the knee is flexed when the positive is elicited, the more posterior the meniscal injury
MEDIAL COLLATERL LIGAMENT TEST aka ABDUCTION STRESS TEST aka VALGUS STRESS TEST
POSITIVE:
- Gapping and/or elicited pain above/at/or below joint line
INDICATES:
- Tear and/or instability of the medial collateral ligament
LATERAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT TEST aka ADDUCTION STRESS TEST aka VARUS STRESS TEST
POSITIVE:
- Gapping and/or elicited pain above/at/or below the joint line
INDICATES:
- Tear and/or instability of the lateral collateral ligament
BOUNCE HOME TEST
POSITIVE:
- Knee does not go into full extension (slight flexion remains)
INDICATES:
- Diffuse swelling of the knee, accumulation of fluid, due to possible torn meniscus
DRAWER TEST
POSITIVE:
- Gapping > 6 mm (tibia moves posterior) when the leg is pushed
- Gapping > 6 mm (tibia moves anterior) when the leg is pulled
INDICATES:
- Torn posterior cruciate ligament
- Torn anterior cruciate ligament
LACHMAN TEST
POSITIVE:
- Gapping with the tibia moving away from the femur
INDICATES:
- Anterior Cruciate ligament or posterior oblique ligament instability
APLEY COMPRESSION TEST
POSITIVE:
- Patient points to the side of pain
INDICATES:
- Pain on the medial side is medial meniscus tear. Pain on the lateral side indicates lateral meniscus tear
APLEY DISTRACTION TEST
POSITIVE:
- Patient will point to side of pain
INDICATES:
- Pain on the medial side indicates medial collateral ligament tear. Pain on the lateral side indicates lateral collateral ligament tear
DRAWER SIGN
POSITIVE:
- Translation with the talus moving away from or toward the tibia
INDICATES:
- With tibia pushed/foot pulled; a tear/instability of the anterior talofibular ligament
- With tibia pulled/foot pushed; a tear/instability of posterior talofibular ligament
ANKLE DORSIFLEXION TEST (Hoppenfeld)
POSITIVE:
- The foot cannot dorsiflex with knee extended, but is able to with knee flexed
- The foot cannot dorsiflex in either knee position
INDICATES:
- Contracture of the gastrocnemius muscle
- Contracture of the soleus muscle
RIGID OR SUPPLE FLAT FEET TEST
POSITIVE:
- Absence of medial longitudinal arch in both positions
- Presence of medial longitudinal arch while seated with a loss of medial longitudinal arch while standing
INDICATES:
- Rigid Flat Feet
- Supple Flat Feet
HOMANS SIGN
POSITIVE:
Deep pain in the calf
INDICATES:
Deep vein thrombophlebitis
THOMPSON TEST
POSITIVE:
- Absence of foot plantarflexion motion
INDICATES:
- Achilles tendon rupture
MORTON TEST
POSITIVE:
- Sharp pain in the forefoot
INDICATES:
- Metatarsalgia or neuroma (usually at the 3rd and 4th metatarsal interspace)
