语法 Flashcards
马上
mǎshàng
(i) Indicates something will happen very soon or ;
(ii) that something happened immediately after some other event.
- Often used with 马上(就)
- words using specific time cannot be used (你等一下,他八点半马上来).
- 张太太家的门铃坏了,给物业公司打电话,负责人说马上派工人去修.
- 请等一下,我马上就回来.
- 飞机马上就要飞起了,请大家系好安全带.
- 我哥哥今天是大学四年级学生,马上就毕业了.
顿时
dùnshí
Means immediately/at once/suddenly and recounts a PAST event.
*similar 立刻 but: only usted in past events. 立刻 does not have this limitation
现在请同学们立刻楼下集合 (不能:顿时楼下集合)
我们明天一起床,就立刻出发 (不能:顿时出发)
- 我这么一说,她顿时觉得不好意思起来.
- 看到自己的球队踢进了一个球,球迷们顿时欢呼起来.
从…..看来
cong….kanlai
Means from a certain point of view and draw a conclusion.
- 从我们接触的人看来,他们大都心得善良,待人热情
- 从这次我们班的考试成绩来看,同学们学习都很努力.
- 从她现在情况看来,她下星期出院没问题.
向来
xiànglái
Means have been like this from the past until now. It is placed before the verbs or adjective as an adverbial.
- 我这个人向来不受运动.
- 他这个人向来喜欢喝酒.
- 他向来做事认真,从不马虎.
- 这个地方夏天向来就热.杭y
每当….都
měidāng。。。dou
Whenever….. I will
- 每当想起件事,我都感到不好意思.
- 每当他过生日的时候,我都会送给一件礼物.
- 每当遇到这种的情况,我都不知道该怎么办.
不时
búshì
(常常;时时)
Often;frequently
- 她一边听着,一边不时在本子上写着什么.
- 他做着练习,不时地查查词典.
- 他怕上课迟到,不时地看表.
当然
dāngrán
adj: something is expected to be as stated.
- 他太太去世了,心情不好是当然的.
- 我们大学派代表团,校长是当然的团长.
Adv: naturally/ undoubtedly
1.我们是朋友,你有困难我当然应该帮助你.
2.A.我怎么不知道下星期考试的事?
B.昨天老师告诉大家,你昨天没来上课,当然你不知道.
parenthesis: beginning of a sentence or clause to complement what is further stated
- 我觉得他人很好,当然,一个人不可能没有缺点.
非…. 不可
“not/non…..not have”
1-must;have to
- 要踢赢这场球,非你上不可.
- 这是他要不知道了,非说我不可.
- 酒后驾车,非出事不可.
2- wish or determination
- 我非把件事办成不可.
- 这次球赛我们非赢他们不可.
千万
qiānwàn
- Be sure, must, please: not use is sentence using first person (e.g.我千万不去).
- 要把护照和钱装好,千万别丢了.
- 你刚喝了不少酒,千万不要开车.
难道
nándào
Is used in rethorical questions to give force to the tone. It is often used together with 吗 or 不成 at the end of the sentence.
- 小姐,你已经读了三遍了,难道我不愿意快点儿了吗?
- 他是为了你才受伤的,你难道不知道吗?
- 她要回国了,难道没听说吗?
- 我帮助她难道错了?
- 这难道还不明白吗?
- 难道就罢了不成?
幸好
xìnghǎo
same as 幸亏. It is usually used before subjects to indicate a undesirable event was avoided from happening because of chance or advantage.
- 我幸好走得早,不让叫雨淋了.
- 幸亏你提醒我,不然我忘了.
- 到清华门口时,车子出了毛病.幸亏最近有一家修车铺.
- 幸好司机一下子车停住了,才没有发生事故.
- 今天幸好遇到你,要不我真不知道该怎么办.
一口气
yīkǒuqì
Use to express to do something without pause.
- 听见孩子在楼上哭,我一口气跑上楼来.
- 为了明天晚上能看踢足球比赛,我一口气把作业做完了.
不得了
bùdéliǎo
1-Used to indicate extreme degree (extremely, exceedingly). Normally used after 得.
- 我看了看手表,时间不早,急得不得了.
- 看到天黑的,车还没修好,我急得得不了.
- 听到我的女朋友Silky要来看我,我高兴得不了.
2-use to indicate something is too difficult to happen
骑车上街一定要注意安全,出了事故不得了.
又
又 under the following context is use to emphasized negation.
- 这儿又不是你一个人,总得有一先来到吧.
- 我又没告诉你,你是怎么知道的?
- 今天又不上课,你起怎么早干什么?
- 又没下雨,你怎么弄的跟落汤鸡 (luotangji).
好容易
Also used as 不好容易 is used to express something that apwas accomplished or took place was not easy.
It is used with 才
- 好容易才等到他给那位先生修完车.
- 我好容易找到他家.
- 不好容易才把车修了,没想到刚开了不久又坏了.
一向
yīxiàng
- Consistently; all along;always
- 他一向是一个认真学习的好学生.
- 她一向喜欢体育运动.
- lately;earlier on
- 前一向需水多
- 这一向进步不少吧?
- 老师一向身体不错,不知道怎么突然病了.
何况
hékuàng
- Much less; let alone. Means not to mention and is used at the beginning of the second clause.
- 大学四年,我的英语成绩一直不错. 更何况,大学毕业了,该找份工作了.
- 学习母语也不是一件容易的事,何况学习外语.
- 很多中国人听不懂广东话,更何况我们是留学生了.
一下子
Indicates that an act takes places or finishes very quickly, or a phenomena suddenly emerges. It is used as adverbial to modify verbs and adjectives.
- 同学们见来新老师,都不停下正在做的事,一下子把目光集中到我身上.
- 以前他学习不太好,这次一下子考了全班第一.
- 老师一讲,我一下子明白了.
- 过了五一,天气一下子热起来了.
与其…… 不如
Better than/rather than ….. Not as good as/ not equal to
- 与其找这儿等,不如我们去找他一下.
- 与其买的不好的便宜的东西,不如多花点儿钱买好的.
- 做任何事情,开始的时候,与其想的容易些,不如想得困难些.
否则
fǒuzé
Means “if it not the case” (as stated in the first clause). It is used to connect the second clause with the first one.
- 我想我不能离开那个讲台,否则,我也许再也找不着这么理想的机会了.
- 她一定有重要的事,否则不会怎么晚来找你.
- 他肯定不在,否则房子里不会开灯.
- 你得努力学习了,否则毕不了业.
怕,害怕,恐怕,可怕,恐怖,恐惧
As we can see from the above table, the character 怕 is present in many of these words. Surprisingly, it’s not included in the HSK word lists as a standalone word although it is often used this manner.
怕 is commonly translated as ‘to be afraid’ or ‘to fear’. The word implies the speaker feels agitated or nervous as a result of something fearful. It usually takes an object.
我怕狗。
I’m afraid of dogs.
怕 can also mean ‘to worry’. In this sense, it is synonymous with the verb 担心.
堵车了,我怕我赶不上飞机。
There’s a traffic jam. I’m anxious I’m going to miss the plane.
怕 can be used to describe an aversion to something. In this sense, the meaning is an exaggeration and can even be slightly playful in tone.
夏天还穿毛衣啊?你怕冷吗?
It’s summer and you’re still wearing a jumper? Are you afraid of the cold?
怕 can also be used as an adverb, but this meaning is not related to the idea of ‘fear’. When used as an adverb, 怕 means ‘approximately’. This usage is not so common. (An approximation is more often expressed with 大概.)
这孩子怕有十二三岁了。
This child is about twelve or thirteen years old.
The two character verb 害怕 is practically synonymous with the verb 怕, although 害怕 often doesn’t take an object.
这是我第一次坐飞机,我很害怕!
This is my first time flying, I’m really afraid!
Note that both 怕 and 害怕 can take intensifier complements (such as 极了 and 得很.)
看牙医让我儿子害怕极了。
My son is absolutely terrified of going to the dentist.
恐怕 has a meaning very distinct from 害怕. As a verb, it can express ‘worry’ or ‘misgivings’ about something.
妈妈恐怕孩子走错路。
The mother worried that her child had lost his way.
恐怕 is often used as an adverb meaning ‘I’m afraid that…’ or ‘perhaps’. Notice that this meaning is not about fear per se, but rather describes the possibility of a situation that may be considered unfortunate. It is often used at the beginning of a sentence, expressing the speaker’s view on a matter. 恐怕 can also be shortened to 怕 in this adverbial meaning.
他生病了,恐怕他今天不能上课。 I’m afraid he’s ill so he won’t be able to come to class today.
可怕 is an adjective which can describe something that ‘makes people scared’. It is an informal expression more commonly used in spoken Chinese.
王经理很可怕,开会的时候经常骂人。
Manager Wang is scary. He often shouts at people during meetings.
The adjective 恐怖 can describe a method or atmosphere that is ‘frightening’ or ‘terrible’. Notice that it describes a thing or situation that is terrifying, and not the feelings of a person.
这部电影好恐怖啊,我不敢看了!
This movie is too frightening, I can’t watch it anymore.
The noun 恐怖 can be translated as ‘terror’. As a noun, 恐怖 is not often used as a standalone word. 恐怖 is often seen in other noun phrases such as 恐怖主义 (terrorism), 恐怖主义者 or 恐怖分子(terrorist), 恐怖组织 (terrorist organization), 恐怖袭击 (terrorist attack), 恐怖片 and 恐怖电影 (horror movie).
At first glance, 恐惧 and 恐怖 might appear similar. However, whilst 恐怖 can be used as a noun or an adjective, 恐惧 usually cannot be used as a noun. The main difference, however, is that 恐怖 refers to the object that causes fear, whilst 恐惧 refers to the psychological state of a person who is afraid.
他的脸上流露出恐惧的神色。
His face revealed an expression of fear.
怕 害怕 恐怕 可怕 恐怖 恐惧 Verb Yes Yes Yes Noun Yes Adjective Yes Yes Yes Adverb Yes Yes
由
yóu
A. Prepositions
1- by; through; via
由边门出去。
Yóu biānmén chūqu.
Exit by the side door.
由此入内。
Yóucǐ rù nèi.
This way in. or Entrance.
- (done) by sb.
这个钱该由我付。
Zhège qián gāi yóu wǒ fù.
This money should be paid by me.
我们家大事由我决定,小事由妻子做主.
- because of; due to
由粗心大意造成的错误
yóu cūxīndàyì zàochéng de cuòwù
mistakes due to carelessness
4.by means of
代表由民主协商选举产生。
Dàibiǎo yóu mínzhǔ xiéshāng xuǎnjǔ chǎnshēng.
The representatives were elected after democratic consultation.
- from
由银川出发
Yóu Yínchuān chūfā
set off from Yinchuan
由点到面
yóudiǎndàomiàn
spread over a whole area from one point
由汉语译成英语
yóu Hànyǔ yì chéng Yīngyǔ
translate from Chinese into English
由早上六点一直到晚上十点
yóu zǎoshang liù diǎn yī zhí dào wǎn shàng shí diǎn
from 6 a.m. up to 10 p.m.
OTHER MEANINGS
l
1 cause; reason ▶ 因由 yīnyóu, 理由 lǐyóu
2 pass through; go by way of ▶ 必由之路 bì yóu zhī lù
本来
bēnlái
- It means originally “at first”,”before”. It is used as an advervial and may be placed before subjects.
- 姐姐说,本来想给我高一生日晚会,但刚接到通知,晚上要出差,没时间搞了.
- 我本来就打算学汉语,所以中学毕业后考了大学的中文系.
- 本来我们俩谁也不认识谁,来这儿以后才认识的.
- it goes without saying; of course
- 在公共场所本来就不应该抽烟,难得还用我说了吗?
- 今天是星期一,本来就应该上课.
- 本来,学汉语,谁能不出错呢?
2.
渐渐
jiànjiàn
1- 渐+地
Means gradually “little by little” and is used in written chinese.
Cannot be used with 着 or 过
- 渐渐地,我们都忘了这件事
- 一个月后,我对这儿的生活渐渐习惯了.
2-渐渐+adj is often follow by 了,起来,下去
- 这里的天气渐渐暖和起来了
- 妈妈的身体渐渐好了