统计识记性考点 Flashcards

1
Q

良好估计量的标准

A

无偏:多个样本、统计量、总体参数估计值、偏差均值为0
有效:变异最小、方差
一致:样本容量无限增多时,估计值越来越接近所估计的总体参数
充分:充分反映总体信息

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2
Q

测量的含义和要素

A

💡依据法则程序工具,对事物及其属性进行描述

要素:参照点和单位

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3
Q

总体是什么

A

总体是具有某一特征的一类事物/人的全体

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4
Q

什么是样本

A

一定规则,从总体中抽取,部分个体的【合集】

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5
Q

个案(case)

A

构成总体或样本的每个【基本单元】

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6
Q

取样方法有哪些

A

概率抽样:简单随机,分层随机,按比例分层随机,整群
非概率抽样:便利抽样

测量抽样:简单随机、分层随机、目的性抽样purposice SPL、偶然抽样incidental SPL

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7
Q

简单随机抽样(simple random sampling)的限制,有偏样本的避免方法

A

总体界限明确,个案具体且数量有限

为了避免严重的有偏样本,有两种方法:

  1. 大样本策略
  2. 分层/按比例分层随机
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8
Q

如何确定样本容量大小

A
  1. 研究内容:生物性制约小, 社会文化制约大
  2. 对象个体间的同质性:小则小
  3. 研究类型:实验室条件小,自陈量表大
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9
Q

从样本推断总体出现错误的主要风险源

A

抽样误差和测量误差

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10
Q

likert量表属于什么类型数据

A

顺序量表,但一般可以当连续数据使用

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11
Q

统计检验力的作用

A

确定样本量大小

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12
Q

z分数有单位吗

A

无实际单位,但不代表没有单位

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