中国 Flashcards
Cadre
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Central Committee
a political body that comprises the top leaders of the Communist Party of China. It is currently composed of 205 full members and 171 alternate members. Members are elected once every five years by the National Congress of the Communist Party of China.
CMC
refers to the parallel national defense organizations of the Communist Party of China and the People’s Republic of China: the Central Military Commission of the People’s Republic of China. The command and control of the People’s Liberation Army (Chinese armed forces) is exercised in name by the ‘State CMC’, supervised by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress.
tuanpai
Youth League Faction, is a term used by political observers to represent cadres and government officials in the Communist Party of China who originated from the Communist Youth League.
Civil Society in 中国
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confucian values
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danwei
the name given to a place of employment in the People’s Republic of China. While the term danwei remains in use today it is more properly used to refer to a place of employment during the period when the Chinese economy was still more heavily socialist or when used in the context of one of state-owned enterprises.
Cultural Revolution
a social-political movement that took place in the People’s Republic of China from 1966 until 1976. Set into motion by Mao Zedong, then Chairman of the Communist Party of China, its stated goal was to preserve ‘true’ Communist ideology in the country by purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society, and to re-impose Maoist thought as the dominant ideology within the Party. The Revolution marked the return of Mao Zedong to a position of power after the Great Leap Forward. The movement paralyzed China politically and significantly affected the country economically and socially.
Deng Xiaoping and his theory
a Chinese revolutionary and statesman. He was the leader of China from 1978 until his retirement in 1992. After Mao Zedong’s death, Deng led his country through far-reaching market economic reforms. While Deng never held office as the head of state, head of government or General Secretary (that is, the leader of the Communist Party), he nonetheless was considered the “paramount leader” of the People’s Republic of China from December 1978 to 1992. As the core of the second-generation leaders, Deng shared his power with several powerful older politicians commonly known as the Eight Elders.
Developmental States
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fang-shou
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Floating Population
Internal migration in the People’s Republic of China is one of the most extensive in the world according to the International Labour Organization. In fact, research done by Kam Wing Chan of the University of Washington suggests that “In the 30 years since 1979, China’s urban population has grown by about 440 million to 622 million in 2009. Of the 440 million increase, about 340 million was attributable to net migration and urban reclassification. Even if only half of that increase was migration, the volume of rural-urban migration in such a short period is likely the largest in human history.” Migrants in China are commonly members of a floating population, which refers primarily to migrants in China without local household registration status through the Chinese Hukou system. In general, rural-urban migrant workers are most excluded from local educational resources, city-wide social welfare programs and many jobs because of their lack of hukou status.
“four devils”
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Four modernizations
Zhou Enlai in 1963, and enacted by Deng Xiaoping, starting in 1978, to strengthen the fields of agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology in China. The Four Modernizations were adopted as a means of rejuvenating China’s economy in 1978 following the death of Mao Zedong, and were among the defining features of Deng Xiaoping’s tenure as head of the party.
general secretary
the highest ranking official within the Communist Party of China, a standing member of the Politburo and head of the Secretariat.
guanxi
major influence on the management of businesses based in China, and also those owned by overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia, known as the bamboo network.
household responsibility system
a practice in China, first adopted in agriculture in 1981 and later extended to other sectors of the economy, by which local managers are held responsible for the profits and losses of an enterprise. This system partially supplanted the egalitarian distribution method, whereby the state assumed all profits and losses.
hukou
a record in the system of household registration required by law in both countries of the mainland communist People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the democratic industrialized island nation of the Republic of China
Iron rice bowl
an occupation with guaranteed job security, as well as steady income and benefits. The Chinese term can be compared to the similar (but not identical) English concept of a breadwinner with cradle to grave socialism. Traditionally, people considered to have iron rice bowls include military personnel, members of the civil service, as well as employees of various state run enterprises (through the mechanism of the work unit
