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المحاضره الرابعه Flashcards

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1
Q

What are vital statistics?

A

Health status indicators

Vital statistics include indicators related to birth, death, and diseases.

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2
Q

What does incidence rate measure?

A

The rate of occurrence of new cases in specified population

It reflects how frequently new cases of a disease occur.

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3
Q

What does prevalence rate indicate?

A

Frequency of existing cases (old and new) in defined population

It shows the total number of cases of a disease at a particular time.

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4
Q

What is the crude death rate formula?

A

Total no. of deaths in a certain year & locality X 1000 / Estimated mid-year population in the same year & locality

This formula calculates the overall mortality rate from all causes.

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5
Q

What is a sex-specific death rate?

A

Mortality rate among either males or females

It measures the death rate for a specific sex.

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6
Q

How is the sex-specific death rate calculated?

A

Total number of deaths of certain sex / Total number of the same sex during the same year & locality X 1000

This provides a focused view of mortality rates by gender.

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7
Q

What is the formula for calculating the cause specific death rate?

A

Deaths due to a specific cause in certain Y & L X100,000 / Estimated mid-year population in same Y&L

Y = Year, L = Location

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8
Q

How is the case fatality rate calculated?

A

Total no. of deaths of a specific cause in certain Y & L X 100 / Total number of cases in the same T & L

T = Time, L = Location

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9
Q

What does maternal mortality refer to?

A

Death among mothers due to causes related to and/or aggravated by pregnancy, labor, & puerperium

Puerperium refers to the period following childbirth.

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10
Q

How is the maternal mortality rate calculated?

A

Total number of maternal deaths in a certain Y&L / Number of females in childbearing period (15-49 y) at same Y&L X100000

Y = Year, L = Location

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: The cause specific death rate is expressed per _______.

A

100,000

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12
Q

True or False: The case fatality rate is the percentage of deaths among diagnosed cases of a specific disease.

A

True

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13
Q

What age range is considered for females in the calculation of the maternal mortality rate?

A

15-49 years

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14
Q

What is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality during pregnancy, labor, or puerperium?

A

Hemorrhage

Hemorrhage can occur at different stages of pregnancy and is a significant risk factor for maternal mortality.

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15
Q

What are the two types of hypertensive disorders that can affect pregnant women?

A

Eclampsia and preeclampsia

These conditions are serious and can lead to complications for both the mother and the baby.

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16
Q

What is the most preventable cause of maternal mortality?

A

Puerperal sepsis

Puerperal sepsis is an infection that occurs after childbirth, and with proper care, it can be significantly reduced.

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17
Q

Name two pre-existing diseases that can be aggravated during pregnancy.

A

Rheumatic heart disease and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

These conditions require careful management during pregnancy to prevent complications.

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18
Q

What is stillbirth?

A

The delivery, after the 28th week of pregnancy, of a baby who has died

Stillbirth differs from miscarriage, which is defined as the loss of a baby before the 28th week of pregnancy.

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19
Q

How is the total number of stillbirths calculated?

A

Total number of stillbirths in a certain year divided by the number of total births at the same year, multiplied by 1000

This calculation helps in understanding the prevalence of stillbirths in a given population.

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20
Q

Fill in the blank: Loss of a baby before the 28th week of pregnancy is called a _______.

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A

miscarriage

Miscarriages are common and can occur for various reasons, often beyond the control of the mother.

21
Q

What are intrauterine causes of stillbirth?

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A

Asphyxia, premature separation of placenta, pre-eclampsia of pregnancy, congenital anomalies, diabetes mellitus

Intrauterine causes refer to issues that occur within the uterus that can lead to stillbirth.

22
Q

What are intra-natal causes of stillbirth?

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A

Asphyxia, premature rupture of membranes, post maturity, Rh incompatibility

Intra-natal causes are those that occur during the process of labor and delivery.

23
Q

What is the formula for calculating the infant mortality rate?

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A

No. of deaths less than 1 year of age in a certain year / No. of total births in the same year X 1000

The infant mortality rate is a key indicator of the overall health of a population.

24
Q

What is neonatal mortality?

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A

Death of an infant less than 28 days of age

Neonatal mortality is a critical measure in assessing the health of newborns.

25
What is the formula for calculating neonatal mortality rate?
No. of deaths less than 28 days of age in a certain year / No. of total births in the same year X 1000 ## Footnote This formula helps quantify the risk of death within the first month of life.
26
What are common causes of neonatal mortality?
* Prematurity (preterm & LBW) * Congenital malformations * Rh incompatibility * Birth injuries * Asphyxia neonatorum * Infections (congenital, tetanus, acute respiratory disease, diarrhea) ## Footnote Understanding these causes is essential for improving neonatal care and outcomes.
27
What is post-neonatal mortality?
Number of deaths from 28 days to 1 year in a certain year and location per 1000 total births in the same year and location. ## Footnote This measure helps assess the health of infants after the neonatal period.
28
List some causes of post-neonatal mortality.
* Infective diarrheal diseases * Other infections (e.g., tetanus neonatorum, pertussis, measles) * Severe nutritional deficiency (e.g., PEM) * Accidents * Prematurity and congenital malformations ## Footnote These factors significantly impact infant mortality rates.
29
How is the child (1-4 year) mortality rate calculated?
Number of children aged 1-4 years in a certain year and location divided by the total number of children in the same age group at the same year and location, multiplied by 1000. ## Footnote This statistic provides insight into child health and safety.
30
What are the main causes of child (1-4 year) mortality?
* Infectious diseases (e.g., acute respiratory diseases, diarrhea, pertussis, measles, meningitis) * Accidents * Severe nutritional deficiency * Other causes (e.g., rheumatic heart disease) ## Footnote Understanding these causes is crucial for implementing effective health interventions.
31
What is the definition of demography?
It is the science that deals with population characteristics or distribution. ## Footnote The term DEMOS means people, while GRAPHY means to describe.
32
What are the three main points medical scientists focus on in demography?
* The number of people in an area (total population) * The changes in factors affecting the population * The age and sex structure of the population
33
List the five demographic processes.
* Fertility * Mortality * Marriage * Migration * Social mobility
34
True or False: Demographic processes only affect the size of the population.
False ## Footnote Demographic processes also determine the composition and distribution of the population.
35
Fill in the blank: Demographic processes are continuously at work within a population determining _______.
[size, composition, distribution] ## Footnote The processes influence all aspects of population dynamics.
36
What is a census?
A complete enumeration of people living in a certain city, village, country, or other geographic area. ## Footnote A census provides detailed information about the population's size and characteristics.
37
What information is typically collected during a census?
Information about each person's: * Name * Age * Sex * Occupation * Education * Marital status ## Footnote This data helps in understanding the demographics of the population.
38
Why must each house be numbered in a census?
To ensure that every house or living place is included. ## Footnote House numbering helps in organizing the data collection process.
39
When should a census be conducted?
In the shortest possible time before changes occur, such as births, deaths, or people moving. ## Footnote Timeliness is crucial for the accuracy of census data.
40
Who is responsible for conducting the census?
The Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMS). ## Footnote CAPMS oversees the census process and ensures its accuracy.
41
What are the factors increasing population size?
Births and Internal migration ## Footnote Births are a natural cause, and internal migration refers to people moving to a community, region, or country.
42
What are the factors decreasing population size?
Deaths and External migration ## Footnote Deaths are a natural cause, while external migration refers to people leaving a community, region, or country.
43
What plays the most important part in population change?
Natural causes - birth and death.
44
What does the base width of a population pyramid indicate?
The population of young individuals.
45
What does the top width of a population pyramid indicate?
The size of the population in the old age group.
46
What does the height of the pyramid represent?
Life expectancy in a population.
47
What does a short height in a population pyramid indicate?
A short average life in a population.
48
What does the symmetry of the population pyramid represent?
Similar age distribution among males and females.

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