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المحاضرة الاولى Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of public health?

A

It is the science & art of maintaining and improving health of all people.

Public health focuses on the health of populations rather than individual patients.

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2
Q

What are the main objectives of public health?

A

Promotion of health, prevention of disease, and improving the quality of life.

These objectives aim to enhance the health of the community through various health services.

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3
Q

What is preventive medicine?

A

Prevents occurrence of disease and promotes health.

Preventive medicine focuses on proactive measures to avoid diseases before they occur.

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4
Q

What is curative medicine?

A

Treats disease.

Curative medicine is reactive and deals with individual cases to treat existing health issues.

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5
Q

Fill in the blank: Public health deals with the _______ community.

A

whole

This emphasizes the focus on community health rather than just individual health.

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6
Q

True or False: Preventive medicine is reactive.

A

False

Preventive medicine is proactive, whereas curative medicine is reactive.

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7
Q

What are the types of health services included in public health?

A

Promotive, preventive, and curative health services.

These services work together to improve community health.

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8
Q

What is the definition of health?

A

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

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9
Q

What are the four components of health?

A
  • Physical health
  • Mental health
  • Social health
  • Spiritual health
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10
Q

What does physical health refer to?

A

The physical functioning of the body and its systems.

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11
Q

What does mental health encompass?

A

Psychological and emotional well-being.

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12
Q

What is social health related to?

A

The ability to live and react in harmony and adjust within a social network, considering social and economic conditions.

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13
Q

What does spiritual health refer to?

A

Personal integrity, principles, and ethics.

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14
Q

Define epidemiology.

A

The study of distribution, determinants, and dynamics of diseases or health conditions in defined populations.

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15
Q

What are the three key aspects of epidemiology?

A
  • Distribution
  • Determinants
  • Dynamics
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16
Q

What does distribution in epidemiology refer to?

A

Time, place, and person distribution.

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17
Q

What are determinants in epidemiology?

A

Mean etiology and risk factors of the disease.

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18
Q

What does dynamics in epidemiology mean?

A

Mean chain of infection of the disease.

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19
Q

What does epidemiology involve?

A

Communicable and non-communicable diseases, acute and chronic diseases

Communicable diseases are transmissible and caused by biological agents, while non-communicable diseases arise from exposure to risk factors.

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20
Q

Define ecology in the context of epidemiology.

A

The equilibrium from the dynamic interaction between host, agent, and environmental factors

This interaction helps maintain the presence of the disease in the community.

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21
Q

What are the components of the epidemiological triad?

A

Agent, host, environment

This triad is essential in understanding the factors that contribute to disease transmission.

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22
Q

What types of agents can cause disease?

A

Bacteria, virus

These biological agents are responsible for communicable diseases.

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23
Q

What factors can be considered as host factors?

A

Heredity factors, age, sex, occupation

These characteristics can influence an individual’s susceptibility to diseases.

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24
Q

What environmental factors are included in epidemiology?

A

Air and water

Environmental factors can significantly impact the spread and presence of diseases.

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25
Fill in the blank: The epidemiological triad consists of ______, host, and environment.
[agent]
26
True or False: Chronic diseases are always communicable.
False ## Footnote Chronic diseases are typically non-communicable and result from prolonged exposure to risk factors.
27
Fill in the blank: Non-communicable diseases are due to exposure to ______ factors.
[risk]
28
What is an agent in the context of disease?
An agent is a factor that contributes to the occurrence of disease.
29
What are biological agents?
Biological agents include bacteria and viruses.
30
What are physical agents?
Physical agents include heat and cold.
31
What factors are included under environmental susceptibility?
Environmental susceptibility factors include internal and external factors.
32
What are heredity factors?
Heredity factors are related to genetic predispositions and chromosomal environment.
33
What is an example of a tissue or organ-related factor?
Diabetes is an example of a factor related to tissue or organs.
34
At what age do infectious diseases typically occur more frequently?
Infectious diseases occur more frequently in young age.
35
At what age do chronic diseases typically occur more frequently?
Chronic diseases occur more frequently in old age.
36
What are examples of external environmental factors?
External environmental factors include physical (air, water), chemical (dust, gases), and biological (animals, insects).
37
What are chemical agents?
Chemical agents can be endogenous or exogenous, such as poisons.
38
What are mechanical agents?
Mechanical agents include injuries and accidents.
39
Which gender is more likely to experience certain diseases like ischemic heart disease?
Certain diseases occur more in males.
40
What occupational exposure can lead to silicosis?
Exposure to silica dust can lead to silicosis.
41
Fill in the blank: Certain diseases occur more in _______ due to anatomical, physiological, or functional factors.
males
42
What is a nutritional agent?
A substance that provides essential nutrients to the body ## Footnote Nutritional agents are critical for maintaining health and preventing deficiencies.
43
What is the consequence of deficiency of iron?
Anemia and reduced oxygen transport in the body ## Footnote Iron deficiency can lead to fatigue and weakened immune function.
44
What are genetic agents associated with Down syndrome?
Chromosomal abnormalities, specifically trisomy 21 ## Footnote Down syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
45
True or False: There is a specific causative agent for all diseases.
False ## Footnote Some diseases have no identifiable causative agent but are associated with risk factors.
46
What are the socioeconomic factors that can affect health?
Income, occupation, and residence ## Footnote These factors can influence access to healthcare and overall wellbeing.
47
Define infection.
Invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms ## Footnote Infections can lead to various health issues depending on the pathogen.
48
List the sequelae of infection.
* In-apparent (sub-clinical) infection * Manifest (clinical) disease * Latent infection ## Footnote Sequelae represent the outcomes that follow an infection.
49
What factors affect the sequelae of infection?
* Agent factors (virulence) * Host factors (body resistance/immunity) * Environmental factors ## Footnote These factors can determine the severity and type of infection outcomes.
50
What are the patterns of spread of infectious diseases in a community?
* Sporadic * Endemic ## Footnote These patterns describe how diseases occur over time and place.
51
What is the term for the epidemic spread of infectious diseases among animals?
Epizootic ## Footnote Epizootics refer to outbreaks of disease that affect a large number of animals in a specific area.
52
What does the term 'enzootic' refer to?
Endemic spread of infectious diseases among animals ## Footnote Enzootics indicate a constant presence of a disease within a specific animal population.
53
Define the incubation period (IP).
The time between exposure to an infectious agent and the onset of symptoms or signs of infection ## Footnote The IP varies for each infectious disease.
54
What is the epidemiological importance of the incubation period?
Helps in control of infectious disease to trace source of infection ## Footnote Understanding IP is crucial for effective disease management and outbreak control.
55
What are two control measures related to the incubation period?
1. Control of contact of cases by surveillance 2. International measure for quarantinable diseases ## Footnote Surveillance helps in identifying potential outbreaks and managing disease spread.
56
True or False: Yellow fever has an incubation period of 6 days.
True ## Footnote The incubation period can vary, but yellow fever typically has a range of 3 to 6 days.
57
Fill in the blank: An _______ is a sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected.
Outbreak ## Footnote Outbreaks can occur in a localized area or can be widespread depending on the disease.
58
What is the term for diseases that are consistently present in a population?
Endemic ## Footnote Endemic diseases have a stable incidence in a given area or population.
59
What is the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic?
Epidemic: disease affecting a large number of people in a community; Pandemic: an epidemic that has spread over multiple countries or continents ## Footnote Pandemics usually involve a new infectious agent to which people have little or no immunity.
60
What is the incubation period for cholera?
5 days ## Footnote Cholera is a highly infectious disease often requiring prompt public health response.
61
What is the spectrum of health?
It ranges from perfect health to death.
62
What defines ideal health according to the WHO?
Conforms to the WHO definition of health.
63
What is positive health?
Adjustment between individual and environment.
64
What characterizes negative health?
Individual is unable to adjust to surroundings and becomes ill.
65
What is pre-clinical disease?
Disease not recognized by the individual but can be discovered by examination and screening tests.
66
What is apparent disease?
Individual is aware that he has an illness.
67
What does the end of the health spectrum represent?
Death.
68
What does the iceberg phenomenon in human diseases illustrate?
The relationship between diagnosed and undiagnosed diseases ## Footnote It differentiates between diseases that are recognized and managed versus those that remain undiagnosed or misdiagnosed.
69
What are the three categories of diseases according to the iceberg phenomenon?
* Diseased, diagnosed & controlled * Diagnosed, uncontrolled * Undiagnosed or wrongly diagnosed disease ## Footnote These categories reflect the visibility and management of diseases.
70
What does Block 1 & 2 of the iceberg represent?
Diseases above sea-level ## Footnote These blocks correspond to diseases that are diagnosed and managed.
71
What does Block 3 to 5 of the iceberg represent?
Diseases below sea-level ## Footnote These blocks correspond to undiagnosed or mismanaged diseases.
72
What are risk factors for disease?
Factors that increase the likelihood of developing a disease ## Footnote Examples include lifestyle choices, genetic predispositions, and environmental influences.
73
Fill in the blank: A person who is _______ of risk factor is less likely to develop a disease.
free ## Footnote Being free of risk factors can significantly reduce disease incidence.
74
What does the correctly diagnosed cases in the community represent?
Only the tip of the iceberg ## Footnote This indicates that many health problems remain undiagnosed or misdiagnosed.
75
What is hidden in the community regarding health problems?
The real load of illness ## Footnote This refers to illnesses that are not clinically apparent.
76
What risk is associated with undiagnosed infections?
Transmission of infection to others ## Footnote Examples include TB, meningitis, polio, hepatitis A, and AIDS.
77
What can underestimation of health problems lead to?
Inadequate planning of health programs ## Footnote This can result in program failures.
78
Fill in the blank: The concept of _______ includes all the following except?
[preventive medicine]
79
What does the prevention of disease and health promotion focus on?
Reactive measures that deal with all community health issues. ## Footnote This approach emphasizes addressing health problems after they arise.
80
What are the components of the health pyramid?
Epidemiological triad, chain of infection, mental health, positive health. ## Footnote The health pyramid represents various levels of health determinants.
81
What does the term dynamics refer to in public health?
Risk factors, chain of infection, time distribution. ## Footnote Dynamics involve understanding how these elements interact over time.
82
Personal integrity, principles, and ethics belong to which aspect of health?
Physical health, mental health, social health, spiritual health. ## Footnote These aspects reflect the holistic nature of health.
83
What are the essential public health functions?
* Assessment of health needs * Protection of environment * Prevention of diseases * Care of special groups * Health education, regulation and legislation. ## Footnote These functions are crucial for effective public health practice.
84
Define hazards in the context of public health.
Any potential threats to public health or safety. ## Footnote Hazards can include biological, chemical, and physical risks.
85
What is the definition of risk?
Consequences of exposure to a specific hazard. ## Footnote Risk assessment is vital for understanding public health threats.
86
Fill in the blank: Vulnerability refers to factors that increase the risk due to exposure to a specific hazard in a specific _______.
population. ## Footnote Understanding vulnerability helps target interventions effectively.

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