المحاضره الثانيه Flashcards
1
Q
Define the chain of infection
A
Infectious diseases from the agent + host + environment
2
Q
What are the components of the chain of infection?
A
- Agent
- Host
- Environment
3
Q
What is the first component of the chain of infection?
A
Infectious agent
4
Q
What is the second component of the chain of infection?
A
Reservoir
5
Q
What is the third component of the chain of infection?
A
Portal of exit
6
Q
What is the fourth component of the chain of infection?
A
Modes of transmission
7
Q
What is the fifth component of the chain of infection?
A
Portal of entry
8
Q
What is the sixth component of the chain of infection?
A
Susceptible host
9
Q
What is an infectious agent?
A
Agent that causes the infection, including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses
10
Q
What is the term for the place in which an infectious agent can survive and grow?
A
uv and erool
11
Q
What are the three types of reservoirs for infectious agents?
A
- Human reservoir
- Animal reservoir
- Environmental reservoir
12
Q
What is a human reservoir in the context of infectious agents?
A
Humans who can host infectious agents
13
Q
What are acute clinical cases?
A
Cases that are contagious with symptoms
14
Q
What are carriers in the context of infectious diseases?
A
Asymptomatic cases that are contagious with no symptoms yet infected
15
Q
True or False: Asymptomatic cases are not contagious.
A
False
16
Q
Fill in the blank: Acute clinical cases are ______ with symptoms.
A
contagious
17
Q
What is a carrier in the context of disease transmission?
A
A person who shows no signs or symptoms of a disease but can spread disease to others
Carriers present a risk of disease transmission in the healthcare setting because they are less likely to be recognized.
18
Q
What is a convalescent carrier?
A
Those who recovered from the disease but still can transmit infection to others (e.g., cholera)
Convalescent carriers are individuals who have overcome the symptoms of an illness but still harbor the pathogen.
19
Q
What is a chronic carrier?
A
May continue to have organisms present for very long periods of time (e.g., typhoid)
Chronic carriers can persistently harbor a pathogen without showing symptoms, leading to long-term transmission risks.
20
Q
True or False: Carriers are always symptomatic.
A
False
Carriers are asymptomatic, meaning they do not exhibit symptoms of the disease.
21
Q
What type of diseases can be transmitted from animals to humans?
A
Zoonotic diseases
Zoonotic diseases are infections that are naturally transmissible from animals to humans.
22
Q
What are zoonotic diseases?
A
Diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans
Examples include the plague and various other infections.
23
Q
Give an example of a zoonotic disease.
A
Plague
Plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis and is transmitted through fleas from rodents.
24
Q
What are environmental reservoirs?
A
Non-living environments where organisms can survive and multiply, such as soil and water
Environmental reservoirs play a crucial role in the life cycle of many pathogens.
25
Name an organism that can survive in environmental reservoirs.
Clostridium tetani
## Footnote
Clostridium tetani is the bacterium that causes tetanus and is commonly found in soil.
26
True or False: Zoonotic diseases can only be transmitted through direct contact with animals.
False
## Footnote
Zoonotic diseases can also be transmitted through vectors such as insects.
27
What are some organisms that can survive and multiply in non-living environments?
Clostridium tetani
## Footnote
Clostridium tetani is widely spread in soil.
28
What is a portal of exit?
The path by which a pathogen leaves its host.
29
What is the portal of exit for organisms of the intestinal tract?
Stool.
30
What is the portal of exit for respiratory organisms?
Droplet or saliva.
31
What is the portal of exit for genital pathogens?
Semen or cervical secretions.
32
What does mode of transmission refer to?
The movement of pathogens from the reservoir to the host.
33
What is vertical transmission?
Transmission from mother to her baby.
34
What is horizontal transmission?
Transmission from one person to another.
35
What are the two types of contact transmission?
Direct contact and indirect contact.
36
What is horizontal transmission?
A method of disease transmission where infection spreads between individuals.
37
What are the two main types of contact transmission?
* Direct transmission
* Indirect transmission
38
What is direct transmission?
Transmission that occurs person to person without intermediaries.
39
What is indirect transmission?
Transmission that occurs through contaminated objects.
40
What are the two types of inhalation transmission?
* Airborne
* Droplet
41
What is airborne transmission?
Inhalation of pathogens that can travel more than 5 meters from the source.
42
What is droplet transmission?
Inhalation of pathogens that travel less than 5 meters from the source.
43
Fill in the blank: Airborne transmission can be classified as _______ or _______.
[direct or indirect]
## Footnote
This refers to the distance and manner in which pathogens are transmitted.
44
Fill in the blank: Indirect contact transmission can occur through _______.
[contaminated objects]
## Footnote
This includes surfaces, utensils, or any items that can carry pathogens.
45
True or False: Droplet transmission can occur through food and water.
True
46
What is horizontal transmission?
Transmission of pathogens between individuals of the same species
## Footnote
This can occur through various means such as food, water, or direct contact.
47
What are the two categories of food and water transmission?
Direct and Indirect
## Footnote
Direct transmission occurs when infected food or water is consumed, while indirect transmission can happen during food preparation.
48
What is a common method of blood borne transmission?
Needle stick injury
## Footnote
This includes accidents involving needles or sharp instruments that may introduce pathogens into the bloodstream.
49
List two other methods of blood borne transmission.
* Blood transfusion
* Sexual contact
## Footnote
Both methods can facilitate the spread of pathogens through blood.
50
True or False: Arthropod borne transmission is a form of horizontal transmission.
True
## Footnote
Arthropods can act as vectors for pathogens, transferring them between hosts.
51
What is the portal of entry?
Is the path by which a pathogen enters a susceptible host
## Footnote
Examples include the respiratory tract, mouth, and non-intact skin.
52
List three common portals of entry for pathogens.
* Respiratory tract
* Mouth
* Non-intact skin
53
What defines a susceptible host?
A person lacking effective resistance to a particular pathogenic agent
## Footnote
This includes individuals such as cancer patients and HIV-AIDS patients.
54
True or False: A susceptible host has effective resistance to pathogenic agents.
False
55
Fill in the blank: A person lacking effective resistance to a particular pathogenic agent is known as a _______.
[susceptible host]
56
Name two examples of susceptible hosts.
* Cancer patients
* HIV-AIDS patients
57
What is the primary goal of disease prevention?
Action aimed at eradicating, eliminating, or minimizing diseases
## Footnote
This includes various strategies to reduce the incidence and impact of diseases.
58
What are the traditional levels of prevention?
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
## Footnote
A fourth level called primordial prevention was later added.
59
What is required for successful disease prevention?
Knowledge of causation, dynamics of transmission, identification of risk factors, availability of prophylactic measures, continuous evaluation
## Footnote
Each of these components is essential to effectively prevent disease.
60
Define primary prevention.
Efforts to prevent the onset of disease
## Footnote
This includes vaccinations and health education.
61
Define secondary prevention.
Early detection and treatment of disease
## Footnote
This includes screening tests and regular health check-ups.
62
Define tertiary prevention.
Management of existing disease to prevent further complications
## Footnote
This includes rehabilitation and palliative care.
63
What is primordial prevention?
Prevention of the emergence of risk factors for disease
## Footnote
This involves societal and environmental changes to reduce risk.
64
Fill in the blank: Successful prevention depends upon _______.
[key learning term]
## Footnote
Key factors include knowledge of causation, risk identification, and availability of measures.
65
True or False: Continuous evaluation is necessary for effective disease prevention.
True
## Footnote
It ensures that prevention strategies remain effective and relevant.
66
What is the primary focus of primordial prevention?
Actions and measures that inhibit the emergence of risk factors
## Footnote
Primordial prevention addresses environmental, economic, social, and behavioral conditions that contribute to the development of risk factors.
67
What are the four levels of prevention?
* Primordial prevention
* Primary prevention
* Secondary prevention
* Tertiary prevention
## Footnote
These levels represent a hierarchy in public health strategies aimed at disease prevention.
68
What is the goal of primordial prevention?
To prevent the emergence or development of risk factors in populations where they have not yet appeared
## Footnote
This is crucial in stages where lifestyle habits are being formed.
69
Fill in the blank: Primordial prevention is important because it addresses lifestyles such as _______.
[smoking, eating patterns, physical exercise]
70
True or False: Primordial prevention can only be applied once risk factors have emerged in a population.
False
## Footnote
Primordial prevention aims to stop risk factors before they develop, not after.
71
Who are the key groups involved in imparting health?
Parents, teachers, and peer groups
## Footnote
These groups play a significant role in influencing health behaviors and attitudes.
72
What is the role of government in health?
Legislating and enacting laws
## Footnote
Government actions can shape health policies and regulations.
73
Who are included in the health care workforce?
Hospitals, health practitioners, health care workers
## Footnote
These professionals are essential for delivering health services.
74
What is primary prevention?
Action taken prior to the onset of disease
## Footnote
Primary prevention aims to reduce the risk of disease before it occurs.
75
What phase of disease does primary prevention intervene in?
Pre-pathogenesis phase
## Footnote
This phase occurs before any signs or symptoms of the disease appear.
76
What are the two main approaches to primary prevention?
Health promotion and Specific protection
## Footnote
These approaches focus on preventing disease through various strategies.
77
List four methods of health promotion.
* Health education
* Environmental modifications
* Nutritional interventions
* Lifestyle and behavioral changes
## Footnote
These methods aim to enhance overall health and prevent disease.
78
List four methods of specific protection.
* Immunization
* Chemoprophylaxis
* Use of specific nutrients or supplementations
* Protection against occupational hazards
* Control of environmental hazards
## Footnote
These measures are designed to protect individuals from specific health risks.
79
What is the definition of primary prevention?
Strategies aimed at preventing diseases before they occur
## Footnote
Primary prevention focuses on reducing risk factors and enhancing protective factors.
80
What are the key components of primary prevention?
* Health promotion
* Health education
* Environmental modifications
* Nutritional interventions
* Lifestyle and behavioral changes
## Footnote
These components work together to improve overall public health.
81
What is specific protection in the context of primary prevention?
Measures taken to protect individuals from specific diseases
## Footnote
This can include immunization and chemoprophylaxis.
82
What does immunization refer to?
The process of making a person immune or resistant to an infectious disease
## Footnote
Immunization is a key strategy in specific protection.
83
What is chemoprophylaxis?
The use of medication to prevent disease
## Footnote
This is particularly relevant for certain infections and conditions.
84
What are environmental modifications in primary prevention?
Changes made to the environment to reduce health risks
## Footnote
Examples include controlling air pollution and ensuring safe water supply.
85
List some primary prevention services and activities.
* Vaccination and post-exposure prophylaxis
* Information on health risks
* Nutritional and food supplementation
* Dental hygiene education
## Footnote
These services are aimed at both individuals and populations.
86
What role does health education play in primary prevention?
It provides individuals with knowledge to reduce health risks
## Footnote
Education can cover behavioral and medical health risks.
87
Fill in the blank: Specific protection includes _______.
[immunization, chemoprophylaxis]
## Footnote
These are methods used to safeguard against specific diseases.
88
True or False: Primary prevention is only concerned with medical interventions.
False
## Footnote
It also includes health promotion and environmental modifications.
89
What are nutritional interventions in primary prevention?
Strategies aimed at improving dietary habits to prevent diseases
## Footnote
This can include supplementation with specific nutrients.
90
What is health promotion?
The process of enabling people to increase control over the determinants of health and thereby improve their health.
## Footnote
Health promotion involves strategies such as immunization and reducing environmental exposures to prevent diseases.
91
What is an example of health promotion?
A person can be immunized against certain diseases to prevent the disease from developing.
## Footnote
This can also include reducing exposure to environmental factors that lead to disease.
92
What percentage of lung cancers can be avoided by stopping smoking?
80 to 90 percent.
## Footnote
Most lung cancers are preventable through smoking cessation.
93
What is secondary prevention?
Action which halts the progress of a disease at its early stage and prevents complications.
## Footnote
This involves early diagnosis and adequate treatment.
94
What are specific interventions in secondary prevention?
Early diagnosis and adequate treatment.
## Footnote
Examples include screening tests and case finding programs.
95
True or False: Early diagnosis leads to better prognosis.
True.
## Footnote
Detecting the disease earlier improves the chances of effective treatment.
96
The objective of secondary prevention is to _______.
detect the disease earlier than it would have been otherwise detected.
97
How can treatment be more effective in secondary prevention?
If the disease is detected at an early stage in its natural history.
## Footnote
This is often achieved through screening.
98
What is tertiary prevention?
It is used when the disease process has advanced beyond its early stages.
## Footnote
Tertiary prevention involves all measures available to reduce suffering and improve quality of life.
99
What are the key interventions in tertiary prevention?
Disability limitation and rehabilitation.
## Footnote
These interventions aim to minimize the impact of the disease on the individual's life.
100
What is the sequence of terms related to disease progression?
Disease > Impairment > Disability > Handicap.
## Footnote
This sequence illustrates the progression from disease to its broader social impacts.
101
Define impairment.
Any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function.
## Footnote
Impairment refers to the specific deficits that can arise from various health conditions.
102
Define disability.
Any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being.
## Footnote
Disability emphasizes the functional limitations resulting from impairments.
103
Define handicap.
A disadvantage for a given individual, resulting from an impairment or disability, that limits or prevents the fulfillment of a role that is normal for that individual, depending on age, sex, social and cultural factors.
## Footnote
Handicap highlights the social and contextual barriers faced by individuals with impairments or disabilities.
104
Fill in the blank: _______ is defined as 'any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or function.'
Impairment
105
Fill in the blank: _______ is defined as 'any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for the human being.'
Disability
106
Fill in the blank: _______ is termed as 'a disadvantage for a given individual, resulting from an impairment or disability.'
Handicap
107
What is the definition of impairment?
Loss of an anatomical structure
## Footnote
Impairment refers to the physical loss or dysfunction of a body part.
108
Define disability in the context of health.
Lack of ability to perform an activity
## Footnote
Disability indicates a limitation in performing daily activities or tasks.
109
What does handicap mean?
Prevents fulfillment of normal role
## Footnote
Handicap refers to a disadvantage that limits a person's ability to perform in their social role.
110
Provide an example of a disease.
Dental caries
## Footnote
Dental caries is a common disease that affects tooth structure.
111
What is an example of impairment related to dental health?
Loss of tooth
## Footnote
Loss of a tooth can be considered an impairment affecting dental functionality.
112
Give an example of a disability related to communication.
Can't talk
## Footnote
This disability affects the ability to engage in verbal communication.
113
How does a handicap manifest in social situations?
Can't socialize
## Footnote
This handicap may prevent an individual from engaging in social interactions.
114
What is Rehabilitation?
The combined and coordinated use of medical, social, educational and vocational measures for retaining functional ability to the highest possible level.
## Footnote
Rehabilitation aims to restore individuals' capabilities across various aspects of life.
115
What are the types of rehabilitation?
* Medical rehabilitation
* Vocational rehabilitation
* Social rehabilitation
* Psychological rehabilitation
## Footnote
Each type addresses different areas of recovery and support.
116
What is Medical rehabilitation?
Restoration of bodily function.
## Footnote
This type focuses on physical recovery and treatment of health conditions.
117
What is Vocational rehabilitation?
Restoration of the capacity to earn a livelihood.
## Footnote
This type assists individuals in returning to work or finding new employment.
118
What is Social rehabilitation?
Restoration of family and social relationships.
## Footnote
This type emphasizes rebuilding social connections and community involvement.
119
What is Psychological rehabilitation?
Restoration of personal dignity and confidence.
## Footnote
This type focuses on mental health and self-esteem restoration.
120
What provides a basis for determining appropriate control measures in disease control?
Knowledge of the portals of exit and entry and modes of transmission
## Footnote
Understanding these factors helps identify where to intervene in the infection chain.
121
What are the three main types of interventions in disease control?
* Controlling or eliminating the agent at the source of transmission
* Protecting portals of entry
* Increasing a host's defenses
## Footnote
These interventions aim to interrupt the infection chain.
122
What does the term 'sporadic' refer to in disease occurrence?
A disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly
## Footnote
It indicates that cases are not consistently present in the population.
123
Define 'endemic' in the context of disease.
Constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease or infectious agent in a population within a geographic area
## Footnote
Endemic diseases are expected to be present at all times.
124
What characterizes an epidemic?
An increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area
## Footnote
Epidemics can occur due to various factors, including environmental changes and population density.
125
How is an outbreak defined in relation to an epidemic?
Carries the same definition as an epidemic, but is often used for a more limited geographical area
## Footnote
The term 'outbreak' emphasizes localized occurrences.
126
What does 'pandemic' refer to?
An epidemic that spreads over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people
## Footnote
Pandemics indicate widespread transmission of disease across populations.
127
What is meant by 'emerging' diseases?
A disease that occurs for the first time in a certain country
## Footnote
Emerging diseases can pose significant public health challenges.
128
What is the basis for determining appropriate disease control measures?
Knowledge of the portals of exit and entry and modes of transmission
## Footnote
This knowledge allows for targeted interventions to disrupt the infection chain.
129
What are the three primary interventions directed at controlling infections?
* Controlling or eliminating the agent at the source of transmission
* Protecting portals of entry
* Increasing a host's defenses
## Footnote
These interventions aim to reduce the risk of infection and enhance host immunity.
130
Define sporadic disease.
A disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly
## Footnote
Sporadic diseases are not consistently present in a population.
131
What does endemic refer to in terms of disease prevalence?
The constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease or infectious agent in a population within a geographic area
## Footnote
Endemic diseases can vary in intensity but are always present.
132
Explain the term epidemic.
An increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area
## Footnote
Epidemics can be localized or widespread depending on the disease.
133
What is the difference between an epidemic and an outbreak?
An outbreak is often used for a more limited geographical area but carries the same definition as an epidemic
## Footnote
Both terms refer to an increase in disease cases beyond normal expectations.
134
Define pandemic.
An epidemic that spreads over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people
## Footnote
Pandemics often require international response and coordination.
135
What does emerging disease refer to?
A disease that occurs for the first time in a certain country
## Footnote
Emerging diseases can pose significant public health challenges.
136
What is the general basis for determining appropriate disease control measures?
Knowledge of the portals of exit and entry and modes of transmission
## Footnote
This knowledge helps identify the most susceptible segment in the infection chain for intervention.
137
What are the three main interventions directed at controlling disease transmission?
* Controlling or eliminating the agent at the source of transmission
* Protecting portals of entry
* Increasing a host's defenses
## Footnote
These interventions aim to break the chain of infection.
138
What does the term 'sporadic' refer to in disease control?
A disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly
## Footnote
This indicates a lack of consistent presence in the population.
139
Define 'endemic' in the context of disease prevalence.
The constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease or infectious agent in a population within a geographic area
## Footnote
Endemic diseases are expected within a specific area.
140
What characterizes an 'epidemic'?
An increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area
## Footnote
Epidemics can result from various factors including environmental changes and increased susceptibility.
141
How does an 'outbreak' differ from an epidemic?
An outbreak is often used for a more limited geographical area but has the same definition as an epidemic
## Footnote
The term 'outbreak' is commonly applied in local contexts.
142
What is a 'pandemic'?
An epidemic that spreads over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people
## Footnote
Pandemics require coordinated global responses to control.
143
What does 'emerging' refer to in terms of diseases?
A disease that occurs for the first time in a certain country
## Footnote
Emerging diseases can pose new challenges to public health systems.
