˚₊‧ʚ♡ɞ‎‧₊˚ 𝚜𝚝𝚒𝚖𝚞𝚕𝚊𝚗𝚝𝚜 ˚₊‧ʚ♡ɞ‎‧₊˚

Question 1

𝚃𝚛𝚞𝚎 𝚘𝚛 𝙵𝚊𝚕𝚜𝚎: 𝚌𝚘𝚌𝚊𝚒𝚗𝚎 𝚒𝚜 𝚜𝚢𝚖𝚙𝚊𝚝𝚑𝚘𝚖𝚒𝚖𝚎𝚝𝚒𝚌.

Answer 1

꒰ა♡𝚃𝚛𝚞𝚎 ♡໒꒱

Question 1

𝚆𝚑𝚊𝚝 𝚒𝚜 𝚌𝚘𝚌𝚊𝚒𝚗𝚎 𝚍𝚎𝚛𝚒𝚟𝚎𝚍 𝚏𝚛𝚘𝚖?

Answer 1

꒰ა♡ 𝚌𝚘𝚌𝚊 𝚕𝚎𝚊𝚟𝚎𝚜 ♡໒꒱

Question 2

𝚃𝚛𝚞𝚎 𝚘𝚛 𝙵𝚊𝚕𝚜𝚎: 𝚠𝚒𝚝𝚑𝚍𝚛𝚊𝚠𝚊𝚕 𝚏𝚛𝚘𝚖 𝚌𝚘𝚌𝚊𝚒𝚗𝚎 𝚒𝚜 𝚍𝚊𝚗𝚐𝚎𝚛𝚘𝚞𝚜

Answer 2

꒰ა♡ 𝙵𝚊𝚕𝚜𝚎 ♡໒꒱

Question 3

𝚠𝚑𝚊𝚝 𝚜𝚙𝚎𝚌𝚒𝚏𝚒𝚌 𝚗𝚎𝚞𝚛𝚘𝚝𝚛𝚊𝚗𝚜𝚖𝚒𝚝𝚝𝚎𝚛 𝚍𝚘𝚎𝚜 𝚌𝚘𝚌𝚊𝚒𝚗𝚎 𝚑𝚊𝚟𝚎 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚐𝚛𝚎𝚊𝚝𝚎𝚜𝚝 𝚎𝚏𝚏𝚎𝚌𝚝 𝚘𝚗?

Answer 3

꒰ა♡ 𝚍𝚘𝚙𝚊𝚖𝚒𝚗𝚎 ♡໒꒱

Question 4

𝚌𝚊𝚗 𝚖𝚎𝚝𝚑𝚊𝚖𝚙𝚑𝚎𝚝𝚊𝚖𝚒𝚗𝚎 𝚋𝚎 𝚖𝚊𝚍𝚎 𝚞𝚜𝚒𝚗𝚐 𝙾𝚃𝙲 𝚖𝚎𝚍𝚒𝚌𝚊𝚝𝚒𝚘𝚗?

Answer 4

꒰ა♡ 𝚢𝚎𝚜 ♡໒꒱

Question 5

What are different terms for stimulants?

Answer 5

Psychoactive stimulant, psychostimulant, sympathomimetic.

Question 6

What is the drug schedule of cocaine, methamphetamine, and amphetamine?

Answer 6

schedule 2.

Question 7

Where do methamphetamine and amphetamine come from? Are they synthetic? What about cocaine?

Answer 7

They are made from stuff you can buy OTC; they are synthetic, unlike cocaine.

Question 8

How is cocaine used in its natural form in areas where it grows naturally? Why doesn’t it have the same addictive potential in this form?

Answer 8

leaves of cocoa plants are still chewed in S. America. properties are changed bc typical cocoa leaf only contains a small amount (effect is similar to coffee).

Question 9

What form is cocaine vs. freebase vs. crack?

Answer 9

FORM:
cocaine: coca paste extracted from the leaf; the paste is purified to create coke baseline; the base is converted into cocaine powder.
Freebase: cocaine is separated from the acid (“freeing” the base).
Crack: powder cocaine dissolved in baking soda & water, boiled & cooked, solids settle & are then removed, dried, and broken into small chunks.

Question 10

What are the different dangers of cocaine vs. freebase vs. crack?

Answer 10

cocaine: may be cut with unknown powders; high risk of addiction & overdose; long-term damage to heart, nose (if snorted), lungs (if injected).
freebase: highly flammable; higher risk of addiction & overdose
crack: high risk of addition (same as free base), intense cravings, lung damage.

Question 11

Ability to get into brain in cocaine vs. freebase vs. crack?

Answer 11

Cocaine:
least efficient, water-soluble so absorbed & broken down before entering bloodstream; result is slower delivery, gradually increasing brain levels.
Freebase & Crack: increased lipid solubility; easier to cross BBB. Bypass digestion, absorbed directly through lungs into bloodstream, creating intense & immediate high.

Question 12

What are the different ROAs & how do they affect onset of behavioral effects and duration of action for cocaine vs. freebase vs. crack?

Answer 12

COCAINE:
* snorting (insufflation): slowest onset; longer lasting effects.
* injection: faster onset than smorting since it enters bloodstream directly; quicker onset, shorter lasting.
FREEBASE:
* smoking: slower than smoking crack, faster than snorting; effects are shorter than snorting but longer than crack.
CRACK:
* smoking: fastest onset; effects are most intense & shortest-lived.

Question 13

What is Pseudocholinesterase? What happens if you are deficient in it?

Answer 13

Pseudocholinesterase: enzyme produced by liver-helps break down medications (mostly muscle relaxants).
deficiency means medications can’t be broken down as quickly (for relaxants, this means prolonged muscle paralysis; increased sensitivity).

Question 14

What happens at the synapse for cocaine vs. freebase vs. crack?

Answer 14

COCAINE:
blocks the reuptake of dopamine, leading to higher concentration in the synapse.
snorted ROA takes longer to reach brain; gradual increase in dopamine levels.
smoked freebase & crack: enters brain faster, causing rapid & intense increase in levels.

Question 15

What are the acute effects on the brain, body and behavior for cocaine?

Answer 15

Mostly depends on ROA.
Snorting:
* brain: increased dopamine, euphoria, alertness.
* body: increased heart rate & blood pressure, dilated pupils.
* behavior: increased energy, talkativeness, restlessness.
Smoking:
* brain: rapid dopamine increase, intense euphoria, impaired judgment.
* body: rapid heart rate, blood pressure increase, sweating, tremors.
* behavior: intense euphoria, hyperactivity, impulsivity, anxiety, paranoia.

Question 16

What are the chronic effects & possible toxicity of cocaine?

Answer 16

damages the reward system (it harder to experience pleasure from natural things), memory & learning problems, heart damage, respiratory issues, and malnutrition.

Question 17

How does tolerance develop to cocaine?

Answer 17

brain’s compensation to overstimulation results in brain decreasing sensitivity to dopamine- requiring higher doses to achieve the same results.

Question 18

What behaviors experience sensitization/reverse tolerance in cocaine use?

Answer 18

increased euphoria & pleasure (fueling addiction cycle), heightened cravings, increased anxiety & paranoia.

Question 19

what are the withdrawal symptoms of cocaine?

Answer 19

intense cravings, disturbances in mood (depression, anxiety, irritability), fatigue, sleep issues, muscle aches, chills, sweating.

Question 20

In cocaine users, how do cues influence relapse?

Answer 20

Cues/triggers associated w/ cocaine can activate strong cravings & increase the risk of relapse.

Question 21

What are the medical uses of cocaine?

Answer 21

local anesthetic (numbing during ear, nose, and throat surgery), vasoconstrictor (control bleeding)

Question 22

T/F: Methamphetamine is the more powerful isomer of amphetamine.

Answer 22

True.

Question 23

ROA for amphetamine & methamphetamine?

Answer 23

oral, smoking, insufflation, IV.

Question 24

For Methamphetamine & amphetamine, which is more lipid soluble & what does this mean for drug’s bioavailability?

Answer 24

both are more lipid soluble than cocaine; lipid solubles cross BBB easier.

Question 25

what happens at the synapse for amphetamine & methamphetamine?

Answer 25

increases dopamine release in synapse by:
mimicking dopamine (can bind to & activate dopamine receptors), and promoting dopamine release (trigger neuron to release more dopamine from its stores, further amplifying dopamine signal in synapse).

Question 26

What is meth-induced psychosis?

Answer 26

Hallucinations, delusions, formication, paranoia, violence occasionally.

Question 27

How do amphetamines help treat symptoms of ADHD?

Answer 27

improving behavior & learning, increases attention, decreases distractability.

Question 28

What are the symptoms of ADHD?

Answer 28

inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity.

Question 29

How are stimulants misused?

Answer 29

increases speed of work.