˚₊‧ʚ♡ɞ‎‧₊˚ 𝚍𝚛𝚞𝚐𝚜 & 𝚊𝚍𝚍𝚒𝚌𝚝𝚒𝚘𝚗 ˚₊‧ʚ♡ɞ‎‧₊˚

Question 1

𝚠𝚑𝚒𝚌𝚑 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚏𝚘𝚕𝚕𝚘𝚠𝚒𝚗𝚐 𝚒𝚜 𝚊 𝚌𝚘𝚖𝚖𝚘𝚗 𝚌𝚘𝚖𝚙𝚘𝚗𝚎𝚗𝚝 𝚝𝚘 𝚊𝚍𝚍𝚒𝚌𝚝𝚒𝚘𝚗? 𝚜𝚎𝚕𝚎𝚌𝚝 𝚊𝚕𝚕 𝚌𝚘𝚛𝚛𝚎𝚌𝚝 𝚊𝚗𝚜𝚠𝚎𝚛𝚜.
𝚊) 𝚝𝚘𝚕𝚎𝚛𝚊𝚗𝚌𝚎
𝚋) 𝚖𝚘𝚘𝚍 𝚖𝚘𝚍𝚒𝚏𝚒𝚌𝚊𝚝𝚒𝚘𝚗
𝚌) 𝚌𝚘𝚗𝚏𝚕𝚒𝚌𝚝
𝚍) 𝚙𝚛𝚎𝚘𝚌𝚌𝚞𝚙𝚊𝚝𝚒𝚘𝚗

Answer 1

꒰ა♡𝚊𝚕𝚕♡໒꒱

Question 2

𝚃𝚑𝚎 _______ 𝚙𝚕𝚊𝚢𝚜 𝚊 𝚙𝚘𝚠𝚎𝚛𝚏𝚞𝚕 𝚛𝚘𝚕𝚎 𝚒𝚗 𝚊𝚍𝚍𝚒𝚌𝚝𝚒𝚘𝚗.
𝚊) 𝙼𝚎𝚜𝚘𝚝𝚎𝚖𝚙𝚘𝚛𝚊𝚕 𝚍𝚘𝚙𝚊𝚖𝚒𝚗𝚎 𝚌𝚒𝚛𝚌𝚞𝚒𝚝
𝚋) 𝙼𝚎𝚜𝚘𝚕𝚒𝚖𝚋𝚒𝚌 𝚍𝚘𝚙𝚊𝚖𝚒𝚗𝚎 𝚙𝚊𝚝𝚑𝚠𝚊𝚢
𝚌) 𝚏𝚛𝚘𝚗𝚝𝚊𝚕-𝚕𝚒𝚖𝚋𝚒𝚌 𝚜𝚎𝚛𝚘𝚝𝚘𝚗𝚒𝚗 𝚙𝚊𝚝𝚑𝚠𝚊𝚢
𝚍) 𝚟𝚎𝚗𝚝𝚛𝚊𝚕 𝚊𝚌𝚌𝚞𝚖𝚋𝚎𝚗𝚜 𝚜𝚎𝚛𝚘𝚝𝚘𝚗𝚒𝚗 𝚌𝚒𝚛𝚌𝚞𝚒𝚝

Answer 2

꒰ა♡ 𝙼𝚎𝚜𝚘𝚕𝚒𝚖𝚋𝚒𝚌 𝚍𝚘𝚙𝚊𝚖𝚒𝚗𝚎 𝚙𝚊𝚝𝚑𝚠𝚊𝚢 ♡໒꒱

Question 3

𝚠𝚑𝚊𝚝 𝚠𝚘𝚛𝚍 𝚛𝚎𝚏𝚎𝚛𝚜 𝚝𝚘 𝚊 𝚜𝚞𝚋𝚜𝚝𝚊𝚗𝚌𝚎 𝚝𝚑𝚊𝚝 𝚒𝚜 𝚙𝚛𝚘𝚍𝚞𝚌𝚎𝚍 𝚠/𝚒𝚗 𝚊𝚗 𝚘𝚛𝚐𝚊𝚗𝚒𝚜𝚖?
𝚊) 𝚎𝚗𝚍𝚘𝚐𝚎𝚗𝚘𝚞𝚜
𝚋) 𝚑𝚎𝚝𝚎𝚛𝚘𝚐𝚎𝚗𝚘𝚞𝚜
𝚌) 𝚎𝚡𝚘𝚐𝚎𝚗𝚘𝚞𝚜
𝚍) 𝚑𝚘𝚖𝚘𝚐𝚎𝚗𝚘𝚞𝚜

Answer 3

꒰ა♡ 𝚎𝚗𝚍𝚘𝚐𝚎𝚗𝚘𝚞𝚜 ♡໒꒱

Question 4

𝚊𝚌𝚌𝚘𝚛𝚍𝚒𝚗𝚐 𝚝𝚘 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝙲𝚘𝚗𝚝𝚛𝚘𝚕𝚕𝚎𝚍 𝚂𝚞𝚋𝚜𝚝𝚊𝚗𝚌𝚎𝚜 𝙰𝚌𝚝, 𝚝𝚑𝚎𝚛𝚎 𝚊𝚛𝚎 _ 𝚍𝚛𝚞𝚐 𝚜𝚌𝚑𝚎𝚍𝚞𝚕𝚎𝚜.

Answer 4

꒰ა♡ 5 ♡໒꒱

Question 5

𝚊𝚌𝚌𝚘𝚛𝚍𝚒𝚗𝚐 𝚝𝚘 𝚆𝙷𝙾’𝚜 𝚍𝚎𝚏𝚒𝚗𝚒𝚝𝚒𝚘𝚗 𝚘𝚏 𝚊 𝚍𝚛𝚞𝚐, 𝚏𝚘𝚘𝚍 𝚒𝚜 𝚌𝚘𝚗𝚜𝚒𝚍𝚎𝚛𝚎𝚍 𝚊 𝚍𝚛𝚞𝚐.
𝚊) 𝚝𝚛𝚞𝚎
𝚋) 𝚏𝚊𝚕𝚜𝚎

Answer 5

꒰ა♡ 𝚏𝚊𝚕𝚜𝚎 ♡໒꒱

Question 6

What are the parts & functions of a neuron?

Answer 6

synaptic terminals: brings signals from other neurons.
dendrites: receive signals from neurons
cell body: integrates signals & coordinates metabolic activities
axon: transmits the AP
myelin: insulates axon

Question 7

what is the action potential (AP)?

Answer 7

electrical impulse that travels from cell body, down axon, to axon terminals.

Question 8

How does an AP work?

Answer 8

Trigger (Stimulus): An event (electrical or chemical) triggers the opening of sodium ion channels in the axon hillock of the neuron.

Response (Depolarization): sodium ions rush into the cell, inside of neuron rapidly becomes more positively charged than outside, reaching AP peak.

Repolarization: Potassium ion channels open, allowing them to flow out of the cell, and sodium ion channels close. This restores original voltage across the membrane (resting potential).

Question 9

What is a neurotransmitter & receptor?

Answer 9

Neurotransmitters: chemical messengers (dopamine, serotonin) allowing communication btwn neurons by transmitting signals across synapses.
Receptors: specialized proteins on the membrane of receiving neurons. each receptor is specific to a particular NT like a lock & key.

Question 10

how are neurotransmitters removed from the synapse?

Answer 10

reuptake into nerve terminals or surrounding glial cells, diffusion, enzymatic degradation.

Question 11

What are the general effects/functions of catecholamines?

Answer 11

Catecholamines – dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine (“get up & go” – boost alertness & energy, increases focus &attention, helps w/ movement & reactions, role in reward & motivation).

Question 12

what are the general effects/functions of serotonin?

Answer 12

Serotonin (“mood stabilizer”) regulates mood (happy, calm), influence sleep, involved in appetite & digestion, role in memory.

Question 13

what are general effects/functions of opioids?

Answer 13

Opioids (“pain killer”) blocks pain signals, creates feeling of euphoria, can be highly addictive.

Question 14

what are the divisions of the nervous system? What are the functions?

Answer 14

1. CNS “control center” brain & spinal cord. processes info & sends commands to rest of body.
2. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) connects the CNS to the rest of the body. Carries messages between CNS & muscles, organs, senses.

Question 15

what is the sympathetic nervous system functions?

Answer 15

“fight or flight” system, responds in stressful/dangerous situations. Preps body for action by:
increasing heart rate & breathing, dilating pupils, sending more blood to muscles, slowing digestion.

Question 16

Location, brain areas, and function of the dopamine reward pathway?

Answer 16

Starting point is the VTA, where dopamine gets made. Travels to Nucleus Accumbens (reward center). When dopamine arrives here, we experience motivation, pleasure, and excitement. Functional in reward (activates when we do something good for ourselves like eating yummy food. Dopamine release makes us feel good & wanna do those things again) & learning (helps us learn which things make us feel good, leaving us more likely to do those behaviors in future).

Question 17

what is a “drug”

Answer 17

chemical entity/mix altering biological function/structure when administered.

Question 18

what is a psychoactive drug?

Answer 18

substance affecting mind (mood & emotion, cognition, behavior), often producing euphoria and/or altered perception.

Question 19

What is the blood brain barrier (BBB)?

Answer 19

Layer of cells around brain’s blood vessels controlling what enters/leaves your brain-protective.
Allows the essentials like oxygen, nutrients, water
Filters bad stuff (toxins, bacteria, medication)

Question 20

What are non-medical reasons people choose to use drugs?

Answer 20

avoiding pain, altering consciousness, enhancing experiences & social interaction, alter/improve body.

Question 21

what are drug schedules? what do the numbers reflect?

Answer 21

drug schedules classify drugs into different categories(#s) based on the potential for abuse, medical benefits, and chance of producing dependence (from most to least, higher #s most dangerous/controlled).

Question 22

What is the drug schedule for: cocaine, meth/amphetamine, LSD, psilocybin, MDMA, morphine, heroin?

Answer 22

Schedule 1: LSD, MDMA, heroin, psilocybin.
Schedule 2: cocaine, methamphetamine, morphine.

Question 23

What is the definition of abuse vs. misuse?

Answer 23

ABUSE: using drugs for purposes other than their intended one or in large amounts.
MISUSE: using medications in an inappropriate manner.

Question 24

What is psychological dependence?

Answer 24

emotional need/craving for drug w/o underlying physical foundation.

Question 25

what is physical dependence?

Answer 25

changes from adapting to the presence of the drug, requiring increasingly higher amounts of substance to achieve the desired effect (tolerance) & producing drug-specific symptoms when use is terminated (withdrawal).

Question 26

What is the definition of ADDICTION?
know textbook & NIDA

Answer 26

TEXTBOOK: compulsive use of & preoccupation w/ a substance such that it causes physical, psychological, and/or social harm to user.
NIDA: chronic, relapsing brain disease characterized by compulsive drug seeking & use, despite harmful consequences.

Question 27

What are some common components of addiction?

Answer 27

preoccupation (salience): addictive substance becomes most important thing in 1’s life, always thinking about, craving it, finding ways to obtain it.
mood modification: substances change emotions to “high”/euphoria or escape negative emotions.
tolerance: chronic use leads to requiring more & more to achieve desired effects.
withdrawal: stopping/reducing use causes unpleasant physical and emotional symptoms.
conflict: addiction leads to conflict in relationships, work, health, legal issues.
relapse: common in addiction.

Question 28

what are the parts of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway, and what do they do/how does it work?

Answer 28

Consists of:
* dopamine
* VTA (produces & sends dopamine)
* Nucleus Accumbens(NAc) (receives dopamine & creates feelings of pleasure & reward).

When experiencing something enjoyable, VTA releases dopamine, traveling to NAc & trigger feelings of pleasure/reward, motivating to seek out similar experiences again.

Question 29

What is the mesolimbic dopamine pathway’s role in addiction?

Answer 29

sometimes chronic use can overload system. the brain releases excessive amounts of dopamine/becomes more sensitive to it. this leads to artificial sense of intense pleasure (consequently makes it difficult to find enjoyment in normal activities). desire to experience that intense feeling again leads to compulsive & risky behaviors to obtain substance.