˚₊‧ʚ♡ɞ‧₊˚ 𝚑𝚊𝚕𝚕𝚞𝚌𝚒𝚗𝚘𝚐𝚎𝚗𝚜 ˚₊‧ʚ♡ɞ‧₊˚ Flashcards
what is a hallucinogen & what are other terms?
distorting cognition & perception of reality @ relatively low doses.
AKA: psychotomimetic, illusionogenics, psychedelics.
What are the drug schedules for LSD, psilocybin, and MDMA?
They are all schedule one.
What is the history of LSD, why is it controversial?
There was also a history of CIA experiments, MK-ULTRA, truth serum, and mind control. Later became associated w/ counter culture.
LSD, psilocybin, MDMA:
what are the different ROAs?
LSD: mucous membrane (its a liquid)
psilocybin: oral (eaten; steeped in tea)
MDMA: oral (tablet)
MDMA is metabolized by an enzyme that some people are deficient in, what is the enzyme?
CYP2D6 - as much as 10% of population is deficient.
What is serotonin?
inhibitory NT impacting mood, sleep, digestion, and more.
What do LSD, psilocybin & MDMA do at the synapse? How does it impact behavior?
primarily disrupt normal communication btwn neurons @ synapse.
normally, neurons send messages using NT like serotonin.
with hallucinogenic drugs, they can mimic or block the action of NT (serotonin especially) at the 5-HT2A receptor.
This disrupts the signaling process.
BEHAVIOR:
serotonin @ 5-HT2A receptor is crucial in sensory processing, so disruption leads to distortions in sight, hearing, and touch (hallucinations).
NTs (serotonin, dopamine) are heavily involved in regulating mood & emotion; disruption can lead to mood swings, anxiety, or euphoria.
What type of toxicity is associated with hallucinogens (or not!)? Focus on MDMA toxic effects.
exhausts serotonin resources (felt as depression & fatigue), high blood pressure, low plasma levels of sodium, which can lead to organ failure, death, and stroke.
What are the acute effects of LSD?
mild euphoria, released inner tension, altered perceptions & sensations, visual hallucinations.
Why are effects of LSD unpredictable?
Effects are partially dependent on the mental state of user, as well as their setting & dose.
What is a bad trip?
disturbing & frightening experiences.
What is a flashback?
Re-experiencing perceptual disturbances.
How are behavioral effects of psilocybin similar/different to LSD?
less emotional intensity than LSD, hallucinogenic effects produced are similar to LSD.
What are the MDMA acute effects, and how does dose play a role?
Stimulant at low doses, psychedelic at higher doses (empathy, closeness).
What are the tolerance and withdrawal effects of hallucinogenics?
Tolerance is rapid to develop & dissipate; no withdrawal.
