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Anatomy 2 > Zoroastrianism > Flashcards

Zoroastrianism Flashcards

1
Q

When and where did Zoroastrianism begin?

A

Began around 3,000 years ago in Persia

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2
Q

Who founded Zoroastrianism?

A

Zarathustra

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3
Q

When was Zoroastrianism the state religion of the Persian Empire?

A

6th through the 4th centuries B.C.E

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4
Q

Zoroastrianism was the state religions of ____ and ____ from the 6th through the 4th centuries BCE

A
  1. Persian Empire

2. Sassanid Empire

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5
Q

What is Zoroastrianism like today?

A

only about 250,000 followers, mostly in Eastern Iran

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6
Q

What are Zoroastrians today called?

A

Gambars or “infidels”, esp. in Mumbai, India

referred to as Parsis (Persians) by the Hindu Population

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7
Q

What are the three main stages of Zoroastrianism?

A
  1. The religion prior to the arrival of the prophet Zoroaster. The Endo-European/Aryan culture that he reformed
  2. The early faith, promulgated by Zoroaster himself
  3. Zoroastrianism of the Persian Empire espoused by the monarchs from Cyrus and Darius onward, which introduced elements into the religion mostly via a priestly group called the Magi, considerably tempering its monotheistic character
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8
Q

When was Zoroastrianism of the Persian Empire?

A

559-330 CE

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9
Q

What are examples of the parallels between Zoroastrianism and Judaism, Christianity, and Islam?

A
  • Monotheistic
  • Creation Stories
  • prophets
  • figure of Shaoshyant
  • world ages/aeons
  • the armageddon-like final battle
  • angels/demons
  • bodily resurrection
  • final judgement
  • heaven and hell
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10
Q

What is a major reason why we look at Zoroastrianism?

A

Radical Dualism that gives a moral dimension to the afterlife that not only strongly encourages and rewards virtue, but by doing so gives humanity a role in extinguishing evil from the world

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11
Q

The term Aryan is a ____ word that means _____

A

Sanskrit word that means “the noble ones”

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12
Q

What did the term Aryan refer to?

A

It referred to the group of migrants who moved into the Indus Valley in the second Millennium BCE from what is now Iran

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13
Q

What happened to the Aryans that did not migrate into India?

A

They became founders of the ancient Iranian religion Zoroastrianism

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14
Q

(True/False) There are many similarities between the religion revealed in the Indian Vedic Literature and the Gathas of Zoroastrianism.

A

True

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15
Q

When did the Persian Empire rule the Middle East?

A

From the 6th to 4th centuries BCE

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16
Q

When modern Persians caught a name for their nation, what did they call it?

A

Iran, which means land of the Aryans

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17
Q

Profits, reformers, those that benefit the community, restorers of truth and purity

A

Saoshyants

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18
Q

Where was Zoroaster born?

A

Born in Northeast Iran or Southwest Afghanistan

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19
Q

When was Zoroaster born?

A

Either between 1200-900 BCE or 600-400 BCE

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20
Q

Zoroaster was born into a warrior clan called _____.

A

Spitama

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21
Q

Who was Zoroaster’s father?

A

Pourushapsa- “Possessor of Horses”

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22
Q

Who was Zoroaster’s mother?

A

Dughdova- “One who has milked”

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23
Q

Zoroaster received his Kusti/Sadre at what age?

A

15

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24
Q

When did Zoroaster leave home?

A

When he was 20

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25
Q

When did Zoroaster have his pivotal religious experience?

A

When he was around 30

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26
Q

What happened to Zoroaster around the age of 40?

A

He is imprisoned and he ends up converting King Vishtaspa in Bactria

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27
Q

What happens when Zoroaster is 70?

A

He is killed while tending the sacred fire during a battle

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28
Q

What are the important elements of Zoroastrianism?

A
  1. Dualistic/ Ethical Monotheism (the relationship between good, evil, God, and ethical action)
  2. Eschatology: the expectation of a transfiguration of life and existence at the end of time
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29
Q

the relationship between good, evil, God, and ethical action

A

Dualistic/Ethical Monotheism

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30
Q

The expectation of a transfiguration of life and existence at the end of time

A

Eschatology

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31
Q

Who is worshipped as the one Supreme God in Zoroastrianism?

A

Ahura Mazda

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32
Q

Who is Ahura Mazda’s prophet?

A

Zoroaster

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33
Q

What accounts for the presence of good and evil everywhere?

A

Cosmological Dualism

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34
Q

the modes of good action

A

Spenta Mainyu

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35
Q

the modes of evil

A

Angra Mainyu

36
Q

What are the divine manifestations of Ahura Mazda’s power called?

A

Beneficent Immortals

37
Q

The soul as the scene of struggle

A

Ethical Dualism

38
Q

What are the main teachings of Zoroastrianism?

A
  1. the soul as the scene of struggle; ethical dualism
  2. honor and husbandry vs. deceit and plundering
  3. the final victory of Ahura Mazda and the Rennovation of the World (Frashno-Kereti)
  4. The judgment of individual souls; humans will be judged in the afterlife for their good or evil thoughts, words, or deeds
39
Q

What was an important ethical aspect of Zoroastrianism?

A

Understanding of the sacredness of the elements of earth, fire, water, and air, and maintaining their purity

40
Q

Major literary source for early period of Zoroastrianism

A

The Gathas

41
Q

What does Gathas mean?

A

Hymns, a collection analogous to the Torah for Jews

42
Q

Considered to be the word of the prophet Zoroaster; all other scriptural works are based upon this

A

The Gathas

43
Q

The ____ instructs the believer in the basic teachings of Zoroaster on good and evil

A

The Gatha

44
Q

What does Ahura Mazda literally mean?

A

The wise lord

45
Q

How does the wise lord connect with the material world?

A

Through six/seven emanations, each of which has guardianship over a human virtue and a sector of creation

46
Q

The emanations of Ahura Mazda are called?

A

Amesha Spentas, or “Beneficient Immortals”

47
Q

Zoroastrians pray to Amesha Spentas (true/false)

A

FALSE. Zoroastrians do not pray TO the Amesha Spentas, but THROUGH them to commune with God.

48
Q

The later Zoroastrian tradition is radically different from its predecessor (true/false)

A

True

49
Q

Why might the later Zoroastrian tradition be so radically different?

A

Not sure whether Zoroaster’s initial influence made its way out of eastern Iran into the Mesopotamian Basin, or whether a parallel reform took place and the Zoroastrian influence came later.

50
Q

A priestly group that was a main part of stage three of Zoroastrianism

A

The Magi

51
Q

Through their efforts, the faith was extended throughout the world that was influenced by Iranian thought. They permitted older Zoroastrianism to be mixed with both Iranian and foreign religious concepts and practices. They emphasized dualism in both cosmic principles and in the conflicts of each human life.

A

The Magi

52
Q

Zoroastrians who changed the faith to incorporate more of the elements rejected by Zoroasthra and the Persian Kings of the Achaemenid dynasty that began with Cyrus.

A

Sassanids

*their essential refoundation of Zoroastrianism consisted of a revival of the concept of royalty that well served the monarch, the warrior aristocracy, and the priesthood.

53
Q

Zoroaster’s monotheism was replaced with dualism, a fight between two equally powerful forces and a later heretical group of priests, the _______, caught a theology to answer problems raised with such a strict dualism.

A

Zurvanites

54
Q

The ancient scriptures of Zoroaster were known as

A

Avesta

55
Q

The meaning of the word Avesta is uncertain. What does it most likely mean?

A

Most likely derives from the middle Persian word avestag, meaning “law”

56
Q

(True/False) The term avesta is broad enough to encompass all of the commands of Zoroaster.

A

True

  • To serve good and to turn from evil
  • To be both morally and ceremoniously pure
57
Q

Some scholars refer to the Avesta as what?

A

“miscellany, without cohesion”

*That is a group of separate, various, michellaneous, writings, collected into one volume; a mixture of things.

58
Q

Main ceremony, focuses on 17 hymns in syllabic meter

A

Yasna

59
Q

Constituting a type of verse distinguished primarily by the syllables rather than rhythmic arrangements

A

Meter

60
Q

Concerned with purity laws

A

Vendidad

61
Q

What are some other pain books besides the Avesta?

A

Vendidad (purity laws), Bundahishisn, Wizidagiha, and Zadspran

*largely based on interpretations lost in the Avestan books

62
Q

variously translated as “Authoritative Utterance” “injunction,” “wisdom,” and “scripture”; the name of Zoroastrian scriptures.

A

Avesta

63
Q

“Sacrifice”; hymns for worship; the first and foremost division of the Avesta.

A

Yathas

64
Q

a collection of seventeen hymns in the Yasna, which Zoroastrians hold to be the words of Zarathushtra.

A

Gathas

65
Q

The Law Against Demons; a division of the Avesta containing myths and codes of religious law.

A

Vendidad

66
Q

“All the [Divine] Lords”; a twenty-chapter collection of hymns in the Avesta.

A

Visparad

67
Q

“Hymns”; hymns of praise to twenty-one divinities, angels, and human heroes of ancient Persia; a division of the Avesta.

A

Yashts

68
Q

The earliest and most important section of the Yathas is the ____.

A

Gathas

69
Q

How are the Gathas distinguished from other Yasna hymns?

A

by their emphasis on ethics and their lack of attention on ritual concern

70
Q

the juices of the haoma plant are ground out and mixed with milk and herbs

A

haoma ritual

71
Q

Priests daily recite all seventy-two chapters (True or False)

A

True

72
Q

What is the final consummation?

A

Ahura Mazda destroys Angra Mainyu and his evil work, frees and purifies all of the souls in hell, resurrects the pure souls from heaven, and they all dwell in a restored world of riteousness.

73
Q

How many times per day must a Zoroastrian pray?

A

5 times per day (sunrise, noon, sunset, midnight, and dawn)

74
Q

A Zoroastrian must pray in the presence of _____?

A

Fire

*Symbol of richeousness

75
Q

Describe the gown worn by Zoroastrians

A

Gown called a Sedra, wrapped by a Kusti

76
Q

Sacred cord, which should be worn constantly

A

Kusti

77
Q

Sacred shirt

A

Sedra

78
Q

What must a Zoroastrian do before praying?

A

Must perform ritual ablutions, for the faith makes cleanliness a part of godliness

79
Q

The ancient veneration of fire among the Iranian people most likely centered on the ____.

A

ever-burning hearth fire

80
Q

When was the temple cult of fire instituted?

A

4th century BCE

81
Q

Monthly feasts

A

The Jasans

82
Q

No Ruz

A

New Year’s Day

83
Q

Gahambar’s

A

Seasonal Feasts

84
Q

Muktad

A

All soul’s Day

85
Q

Stone tower, tower of silence

A

dakhma

86
Q

What happens to the body after death?

A

The body is given to charge of professionals, who live to some extent segregated lives, as unclean persons.

87
Q

What happens to a person on the fourth day after death?

A

They must pass the Chinvat Bridge

*The soul on a scale (either pass a bridge to heaven or cross a knife-sharp bridge and fall to hell)

Anatomy 2 (9 decks)

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