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Anatomy 2 > Hinduism > Flashcards

Hinduism Flashcards

1
Q

The religion of the Veda

A

Hinduism

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2
Q

Describe the Indus Valley Civilization

A

Dravidian. They had a more advanced culture than you would think they did (writing system, seal stamps), planned city, agricultural society

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3
Q

What kind of society was the Indus Valley Civilization?

A

They were an agricultural society (irrigating agriculture), with some evidence of herding

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4
Q

When was the Indus Valley Civilization at its peak?

A

3000 BCE to 1500 BCE

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5
Q

When did the Indus Valley Civilization begin to decline?

A

Between 1800 BCE and 1500 BCE

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6
Q

How did the Indus Valley Civilization decline?

A

1) Theories say that it was a gradual decline. Could have been due to natural disasters or floods.
2) Migration of new people. Theory say that Dravidian culture did not just die out, but it fused with Aryan culture (Zoroastrianism), in what is modern day Iran.

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7
Q

What does the term Aryan mean?

A

Noble One (sanskrit)

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8
Q

Describe Aryan religion

A

Portable “religion on your back”. Oral tradition.

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9
Q

Where did the Aryans migrate from?

A

They migrated from the Mesopotamia basin to India

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10
Q

What kinds of people were the Aryans?

A

Poets, Pastoralists, Warriors

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11
Q

What do the Gods look like in Aryan culture?

A

Nature, personification. Human qualities in animal Gods.

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12
Q

What is the Aryan Invasion Theory?

A

Aryans were nomadic, that’s why they were travelling slowly downward to the Indus River Valley. Religion was oral. Gods had to do with nature and the personification of nature. This is where we get this Aryan invasion theory from, because we see a lot of instances of Aryan culture becoming predominant in Indus River Valley population. Invaded rather than slow fusion.

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13
Q

Aryans migrated in waves to

A

India

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14
Q

Aryan tribal communities has leaders called

A

Rajas

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15
Q

What were the societal distinctions in the Indus River Valley called?

A

Varnas

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16
Q

What does Varnas literally translate to?

A

Colors

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17
Q

What are the four Varnas?

A

1) Brahmins
2) Kshatriyas
3) Vaishyas
4) Shudras

*Brahmins were the most powerful

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18
Q

Priests who were powerful and has access to knowledge

A

Brahmins

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19
Q

Warriors, chieftans. Leaders of communities.

A

Kshatriyas

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20
Q

Commoners, merchants.

A

Vaishyas

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21
Q

Slaves, servants. People who existed in the Indus River Valley before the Aryan Invasion. Typically darker-skinned.

A

Shudras

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22
Q

Who were the most powerful people in the Indus River Valley?

A

Brahmin. Religious people were more powerful than warriors.

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23
Q

What were some arbutus of Aryan Religion?

A

1) Polytheistic
2) Gods were personifications of nature, natural forces
3) Animistic qualities
4) Main type of worship, sacrifice on altars (nomadic)
5) Sacrifice of animals, milk, butter, soma
6) Horse sacrifice

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24
Q

What is a horse sacrifice?

A

They would pick a young horse and let it wander for a year. Anywhere that the horse would travel, the king could claim. After a year, they slaughter it and eat the meat. Said to be very powerful. The more you do it, the more powerful you become. Also, very time consuming.

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25
Q

Hindu sacred writings, such as the Vedas, based on “heard” or “revealed” knowledge

A

Shruti

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26
Q

writings based on what human authors “remembered”of revelations to Hindus. Less authoritative than revealed scriptures.

A

Smriti

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27
Q

Revealed

A

Shruti

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28
Q

Remembered

A

Smriti

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29
Q

The oldest sacred texts of Hinduism

A

The Vedas

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30
Q

The VEDAS

A

1) oldest sacred text of Hinduism
2) Basic source for Hindu understanding of the universe
3) All other texts are seen as commentary on the Vedas
4) Created when Aryans came in and mingled with native people
5) Oral transmission for generations before written down
6) Vedic language- predecessor of early Sanskrit

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31
Q

What was the predecessor of early Sanskrit?

A

Vedic Language

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32
Q

How did people normally memorize the Vedas before it was written down?

A

Typically through hymns

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33
Q

What does Vedas mean?

A

“Knowledge” or “Sacred Lore”

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34
Q

what does “Ved” mean?

A

To know

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35
Q

The oldest of the Vedas

A

Rg Veda

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36
Q

Collection of over 1,000 hymns to the Aryan gods. Contains their mythology.

A

Rg Veda

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37
Q

Knowledge of rites. A collection of materials to be recited during sacrifice to the Gods.

A

Yajur Veda

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38
Q

Knowledge of chants. A collection of basic hymns recited to priests at sacrifices.

A

Sama Veda

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39
Q

Knowledge given by the sage Atharva. Rituals to be used in the home, popular prayers to the Gods, spells to ward off evil.

A

Atharva Veda

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40
Q

Sage

A

Wise person

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41
Q

What is considered to be the second most important of the Vedic books?

A

Atharva Veda

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42
Q

Hymns to the Gods

A

Mantra

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43
Q

Ritual materials on how to perform proper sacrifices.

A

Brahmana

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44
Q

Forest Treatises. Materials for hermits in their religious pursuits.

A

Aranyakas

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45
Q

Philosophical materials

A

Upanishads

46
Q

Each to the four Vedic books can be divided into four different sections. What are they?

A

1) Mantra
2) Brahmana
3) Aranyakas
4) Upanishads

47
Q

What is the foundation for much of later Indian philosophy?

A

Upanishads

48
Q

People who separate themselves from society

A

Hermits

49
Q

God of fire, priests

A

Agni

50
Q

The God of the thunderbolt, of clouds and rain, and the ruler of heaven

A

Indra

51
Q

The God who resides over the order of the universe, forgives sinners

A

Varuna

52
Q

God of the dead

A

Yama

53
Q

God of faith-keeping and loyalty

A

Mitra

54
Q

deified plant

A

Soma

55
Q

Where does Agni, the God of fire, come from?

A

Comes from Zoroastrianism. Fire was very important in Zoroastrianism.

56
Q

(ultimate reality)-eternal, infinite, unknowable, sexless, without a past, present, or future, and totally impersonal

A

Brahman

57
Q

false knowledge

A

Maya

*Humans have false knowledge when they believe that this life and our separation from Brahman are real

58
Q

ignorance in the Upanishads

A

Avidya

59
Q

(True/False) The Upanishads emphasizes meditation as a means of worship.

A

True

60
Q

What is the philosophy of Brahman?

A

Living beings that inhabit our world are expressions of Brahman. They are souls (atman) in a collection that make up Brahman. All phenomenal existence is an illusion (maya), arising from ignorance (avidya) of the true nature of reality.

61
Q

Karma means

A

Action

62
Q

Where is the idea of karma introduced?

A

In the Upanishads

63
Q

What does samsara mean?

A

“To wander across”- The round of rebirth

64
Q

seen as a negative phenomenon, one is bound to a life in ignorance and pain, living over and over again through countless generations.

A

Samsara

65
Q

The ultimate goal is _____, of breaking free from life.

A

Moksha

*No longer being reborn

66
Q

The first man in Hinduism

A

Manu

67
Q

Ethical and social standards that were held as the ideal during the classical era of Indian history

A

The Laws of Manu

68
Q

Each caste had specific duties

A

Dharma

*Mobility within a caste is only possible through reincarnation

69
Q

When is the classical era?

A

Starts when the Aryans come into the Indus River Valley and end when the Gita is finished.

*Big period for literature

70
Q

What are the stages of life that an upper caste member would go through?

A

1) Student
2) Householder
3) Hermit
4) Wandering Aesthetic

*Women’s roles were dictated by the men in their lives

71
Q

What are some characteristics of the Laws of Manu?

A

Pleasantness, patience, control of mind, non-stealing, purity, control of senses, intelligence, knowledge, truthfulness, non-irritability

72
Q

What is the Indian concept of time?

A

Time moves endlessly through cycles, or ages of creation. No beginning or end.

73
Q

Age of creation

A

Kalpas

74
Q

Creator

A

Brahma

75
Q

Maintainer

A

Vishnu

76
Q

Destroyer

A

Shiva

77
Q

Epic poem encompassing Indian religious philosophy and culture

A

Bhagavad Gita

78
Q

What does the Bhagavad Gita translate to?

A

The song of the Lord

79
Q

The Bhagavad Gita is part of what?

A

The Mahabharata

80
Q

Conversation between Prince Arjuna and Lord Krishna

*Battlefield struggle, metaphor for human struggles. Deals with philosophical and moral concepts

A

Bhagavad Gita

81
Q

What is the overall message of the Bhagavad Gita?

A

It is more important to fulfill your duty than to protect your family.

82
Q

From the Bhagavad Gita, we get four _____.

A

Yogas

83
Q

What are yogas?

A

They are paths to meet Moksha. Realize that people are different and might meet moksha in different ways.

84
Q

The way of works

A

Kharma yoga

85
Q

The way of knowledge

A

Jnana yoga

86
Q

The way of physical discipline

A

Raja yoga

87
Q

The way of devotion

A

Bhakti yoga

88
Q

Post-classical Brahma is broken up into what three parts?

A

1) Brahma
2) Vishnu
3) Shiva

*This is called the Trimurti

89
Q

When does classical Hinduism end?

A

After the completion of the Bhagavad Gita

90
Q

What are the four goals of life for modern Hindus?

A

1) Kama- sensual pleasures
2) Artha- wealth
3) Dharma- religious duty
4) Moksha

*Dharma and Moksha are almost a higher order of goals.

91
Q

Sensual pleasures

A

Kama

92
Q

Wealth

A

Artha

93
Q

Religious duty

A

Dharma

94
Q

Two parts. We exist as matter and spirit.

A

Sankhya

95
Q

What is the goal of Sankhya?

A

The goal is to separate your spirit from the matter that it is being entangled in so you can get out.

96
Q

Matter

A

prakriti

97
Q

Spirit

A

Purusha

98
Q

What is the goal of yoga?

A

To attempt to “yoke” atman and Brahman

99
Q

Avoidance of rebirth by following the Vedas

A

Mimansa

*Lays presedence on the teachings of the Veda and rebirth.

100
Q

Reality of the physical world. Nine eternal elements, no Gods.

A

Vaishesika

*No need for Gods, aesthetic

101
Q

Logical analysis for arriving at truth

A

Nyaya

102
Q

Non-dualism. Atman and Brahman are not separate. Realizing this is how you reach liberation.

A

Advaita Vedanta

103
Q

celebrated during February/March to welcome spring, dedicated to the god Krishna, was once a fertility ceremony, now also celebrates the destruction of demons (festival of colors)

A

Holi

104
Q

Hindu new year, festival of lights

A

Divali

105
Q

nine days in October (started this year on the 14th!) reserved to celebrate Durga’s (a consort of Shiva) victory over evil. There are presents, dances, ad processions

A

Dasehra

106
Q

Where does the word Hindu come from?

A

It comes from the Sanskrit word for the river Indus, “Shindu”

107
Q

Initially referred to the religion of the people of India

A

Hindu

  • only recently have people begun to refer to themselves as Hindus
  • Possible that Muslim conquerors were the first to use the germ and British picked it up
108
Q

Rejected the sacrifice system of the Vedas. Focused on spiritual accomplishments. Open to any caste. Liberation through aestheticism and non-violence.

A

Jainism

*Liberation is achieved by being super-aware of your surroundings

109
Q

non-violence

A

ahimsa (Jainism)

110
Q

How many people practice Jainism today?

A

About 2 million (out of a population of 1 billion in India)

Anatomy 2 (9 decks)

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